La cultura emprendedora percibida y deseada en el aula por los alumnos de educación secundaria.

The results obtained by the application of the instruments presented in the first communicationof this symposium are presented. The student sample consisted of 2308 participants from 18educational centers. 73.6% of the students (1698 students) belonged to public institutes, 23.5%(542 students) to concerted centers, and 2.9% (68 students) to private centers. Of these students1101 were men (47.7%) and 1203 women (52.1%), finding 4 people without indicating theirgender (0.2%), 16.5% of 1º ESO; 14.4% of 2º ESO; 13% of 3º ESO; 20.4% of 4ºESO; 21.9% of 1stHigh School; and 13.7% of 2nd High School.The age of the students varies from 10 to 18 years, being the average 14.84 and the standarddeviation 1.77. With respect to the place of origin, the sample consisted of 1922 students fromAsturias (83.3%), 372 from Castilla y León (16.1%) and 14 from Cantabria (0.6%).The assessment of the perceived entrepreneurial culture in the classroom by students is basedon average scores both in their overall assessment and in relation to the purpose of education,teaching processes, learning processes and educational setting.The assessment of the desired entrepreneurial culture in the classrooms by students is superiorto that perceived, both globally and in relation to the purpose of education, teaching processes,learning processes and educational setting.Differences detected between the perceived and desired culture in the classrooms are significant. These results reveal that students perceive in their centers some teaching performances closed to cognitive and humanistic paradigms, they bet for it when indicating desires of improvement in these performances, and these desires are upwards and statistically significant with respect to the ones perceivedSe presentan los resultados obtenidos tras la aplicación de los instrumentos expuestos en lacomunicación primera de este simposio.La muestra de estudiantes estuvo formada por 2308 participantes de 18 centros educativos. El 73.6% de los discentes (1698 estudiantes) pertenecían a institutos públicos, el 23.5% (542 estudiantes) a centros concertados, y el 2.9% (68 estudiantes) a centros privados. De estos, 1101 eran hombres (47.7%) y 1203 mujeres (52.1%), encontrándose 4 personas sin indicar su género (0.2%), El 16.5% de 1º ESO; el 14.4% de 2º ESO; el 13% de 3º ESO; el 20.4% de 4ºESO; 21.9% de 1º Bachillerato; y el 13.7% de 2º Bachillerato. La edad del alumnado fluctúa de 10 a 18 años, siendo la media 14.84 y la desviación típica 1.77. En cuanto a la procedencia, la muestra estuvo formada por 1922 estudiantes de Asturias (83.3%), 372 de Castilla y León (16.1%) y 14 de Cantabria (0.6%),La valoración de la cultura emprendedora percibida en las aulas por parte de los alumnos sesitúa en torno a puntuaciones medias tanto en su valoración global como en relación a la finalidad de la educación, procesos de enseñanza, procesos de aprendizaje y escenario educativo. La valoración de la cultura emprendedora deseada en las aulas por parte del alumnado es superior a la percibida, tanto de forma global como en relación a la finalidad de la educación, procesos de enseñanza, procesos de aprendizaje y escenario educativo. Las diferencias detectadas entre la cultura percibida y la cultura deseada en las aulas son significativas. Estos resultados revelan que los alumnos perciben en sus centros unos desempeños docentes en torno a los paradigmas cognitivos y humanísticos y que apuestan por ello al indicar deseos de mejora en estos desempeños, y estos deseos son al alza y estadísticamente significativos respecto a los percibidos

La percepción de la cultura percibida y deseada en el aula en los profesores

The results obtained after the application of the instruments presented in the first communication of this symposium  centers, public schools and semi-private schools. The mean was 47.92, with a standard deviation of 7.74. The teachers were grouped in base on the subjects that they taught, those were 32.4% of Science; 66.5% of Letters and 3% of Art. We obtained data referring to the entrepreneurial culture perceived and desired by teachers.In relation to the entrepreneurial culture perceived in Secondary Education teachers, the score were medium-high, both at a general level and factors. The lowest scores were given in the Scenario factor. Also in relation to the desired entrepreneurial culture in Secondary Education teachers, the high scores were found in general level and by factors. The highest scores were given in the Educational purpose; and the lowest was the Scenario factor. It is observed that are meaningful differences in all the factors, being the rate of the desired entrepreneurial culture statistically higher to the perceived.Se presentan los resultados obtenidos tras la aplicación de los instrumentos expuestos en lacomunicación primera de este simposio.La muestra del profesorado está integrada por 176 (32.4% hombres y 66.5%) participantes de 16 centros educativos, tanto públicos como concertados. La media de edad fue 47.92, con una desviación típica de 7.74. Se agrupó a los docentes en ramas educativas en base a las asignaturas que impartían, contando con 32.4% de de Ciencias; 66.5% de Letras y 3% de Arte.Se obtuvieron datos referentes a la cultura emprendedora percibida y deseada por el profesorado.En relación a la cultura emprendedora percibida en el profesorado de Educación Secundaria, se encontraron puntuaciones medio-altas, tanto a nivel general como por factores. Las puntuaciones más bajas se dan en el factor Escenario.Y en relación a la cultura emprendedora deseada en el profesorado de Educación Secundaria, se encontraron puntuaciones altas, tanto a nivel general como por factores. Las puntuaciones más altas se dan en el factor Finalidad educativa; y las más bajas en el factor Escenario.Se observa que existen diferencias significativas en todos los factores, siendo la puntuación de la cultura emprendedora deseada estadísticamente superior a la cultura emprendedora percibida

BVRI Light Curves for 29 Type Ia Supernovae

BVRI light curves are presented for 27 Type Ia supernovae discovered during the course of the Calan/Tololo Survey and for two other SNe Ia observed during the same period. Estimates of the maximum light magnitudes in the B, V, and I bands and the initial decline rate parameter m15(B) are also given.Comment: 17 pages, figures and tables are not included (contact first author if needed), to appear in the Astronomical Journa

First insights into the prokaryotic community structure of Lake Cote, Costa Rica: influence on nutrient cycling

This article is part of the Research Topic: Rising Stars in Aquatic Microbiology: 2022Prokaryotic diversity in lakes has been studied for many years mainly focusing on community structure and how the bacterial assemblages are driven by physicochemical conditions such as temperature, oxygen, and nutrients. However, little is known about how the composition and function of the prokaryotic community changes upon lake stratification. To elucidate this, we studied Lake Cote in Costa Rica determining prokaryotic diversity and community structure in conjunction with physicochemistry along vertical gradients during stratification and mixing periods. Of the parameters measured, ammonium, oxygen, and temperature, in that order, were the main determinants driving the variability in the prokaryotic community structure of the lake. Distinct stratification of Lake Cote occurred (March 2018) and the community diversity was compared to a period of complete mixing (March 2019). The microbial community analysis indicated that stratification significantly altered the bacterial composition in the epi-meta- and hypolimnion. During stratification, the Deltaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, and Euryarchaeota were dominant in the hypolimnion yet largely absent in surface layers. Among these taxa, strict or facultative anaerobic bacteria were likely contributing to the lake nitrogen biogeochemical cycling, consistent with measurements of inorganic nitrogen measurements and microbial functional abundance predictions. In general, during both sampling events, a higher abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria was found in the oxygenated layers. Lake Cote had a unique bacterial diversity, with 80% of Amplicon Sequence Variant (ASV) recovered similar to unclassified/uncultured strains and exhibits archetypal shallow lake physicochemical but not microbial fluctuations worthy of further investigation. This study provides an example of lake hydrodynamics impacts to microbial community and their function in Central American lakes with implications for other shallow, upland, and oligotrophic lake systems

The Community IntraVenous Antibiotic Study (CIVAS): a mixed methods evaluation of patient preferences for and cost effectiveness of different service models for delivering outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy

Background: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is widely used in most developed countries, providing considerable opportunities for improved cost savings. However, it is implemented only partially in the UK, using a variety of service models. Objectives: The aims of this research were to (1) establish the extent of OPAT service models in England and identify their development; (2) evaluate patients’ preferences for different OPAT service delivery models; (3) assess the cost-effectiveness of different OPAT service delivery models; and (4) convene a consensus panel to consider our evidence and make recommendations. Methods: This mixed-methods study included seven centres providing OPAT using four main service models: (1) hospital outpatient (HO) attendance; (2) specialist nurse (SN) visiting at home; (3) general nurse (GN) visiting at home; and (4) self-administration (SA) or carer administration. Health-care providers were surveyed and interviewed to explore the implementation of OPAT services in England. OPAT patients were interviewed to determine key service attributes to develop a discrete choice experiment (DCE). This was used to perform a quantitative analysis of their preferences and attitudes. Anonymised OPAT case data were used to model cost-effectiveness with both Markov and simulation modelling methods. An expert panel reviewed the evidence and made recommendations for future service provision and further research. Results: The systematic review revealed limited robust literature but suggested that HO is least effective and SN is most effective. Qualitative study participants felt that different models of care were suited to different types of patient and they also identified key service attributes. The DCE indicated that type of service was the most important factor, with SN being strongly preferred to HO and SA. Preferences were influenced by attitudes to health care. The results from both Markov and simulation models suggest that a SN model is the optimal service for short treatment courses (up to 7 days). Net monetary benefit (NMB) values for HO, GN and SN services were £2493, £2547 and £2655, respectively. For longer treatment, SA appears to be optimal, although SNs provide slightly higher benefits at increased cost. NMB values for HO, GN, SN and SA services were £8240, £9550, £10,388 and £10,644, respectively. The simulation model provided useful information for planning OPAT services. The expert panel requested more guidance for service providers and commissioners. Overall, they agreed that mixed service models were preferable. Limitations: Recruitment to the qualitative study was suboptimal in the very elderly and ethnic minorities, so the preferences of patients from these groups might not be represented. The study recruited from Yorkshire, so the findings may not be applicable nationally. Conclusions: The quantitative preference analysis and economic modelling favoured a SN model, although there are differences between sociodemographic groups. SA provides cost savings for long-term treatment but is not appropriate for all. Future work: Further research is necessary to replicate our results in other regions and populations and to evaluate mixed service models. The simulation modelling and DCE methods used here may be applicable in other health-care settings. Funding: The National Institute for Health Research Health Service and Delivery Research programme

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Violent Governance, Identity and the Production of Legitimacy: Autodefensas in Latin America

This article examines the intersections of violence, governance, identity and legitimacy in relation to autodefensas (self-defence groups) in Latin America, focusing on Mexico and Colombia. By shifting focus from the question of where legitimacy lies to how it is produced and contested by a range of groups, we challenge the often presumed link between the state and legitimacy. We develop the idea of a field of negotiation and contestation, firstly, to discuss and critique the concept of state failure as not merely a Western hegemonic claim but also a strategic means of producing legitimacy by autodefensas. Secondly, we employ and enrich the notion of violent pluralism to discuss the pervasiveness of violence and the role of neoliberalism, and to address the question of non-violent practices of governance. We argue that the idea of a field of contestation and negotiation helps to understand the complexity of relationships that encompass the production of legitimacy and identity through (non)violent governance, whereby lines between (non)state, (non)violence, and (il)legitimacy blur and transform. Yet, we do not simply dismiss (binary) distinctions as these continue to be employed by groups in their efforts to produce, justify, challenge, contest and negotiate their own and others’ legitimacy and identity

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions