Causal processes and interactions: What are they and what are they good for?

Concerning any object of philosophical analysis, we can ask several questions, including the two posed in the title of this paper. Despite difficulties in formulating a precise criterion to distinguish causal processes from pseudoprocesses, and causal interactions from mere spatiotemporal intersections, I argue that Salmon answered the first of these questions with extraordinary clarity. The second question, by contrast, has received very little attention. I will present two problems: in the first, it seems that Salmon has provided exactly the conceptual resources needed to solve the problem; in the second, it is difficult to see how causal processes and interactions may be used to shed any light. In general, the way to carry Salmon's program forward will be to demonstrate that these resources can be made to do real philosophical work

Do Some Stakeholders in Publicly Traded Firms Benefit at the Expense of Others as a Result of Corporate Inversions?

This report examines corporate inversions to determine whether this practice benefits the majority of stakeholders or merely a select few. A sample of firms previously incorporated in the United States that have since undergone inversions is examined to answer this question. Annual stock price returns, stock price volatility, and earnings per share changes from the sample of inversion firms are the main sources of data examined. These results are compared to the S&P 500 and peer firms to determine whether the changes can be attributed to the inversions, or are merely a result of general economic conditions. Supporting topics addressed in this paper include an overview of legislation related to inversions and suggestions to mitigate the negative consequences of inversions. This study shows that there are no observable benefits to shareholder wealth arising from corporate inversions. While there were changes in the data from pre to post inversion, they were not unique to the inversion firms as the same changes were observed in the peer firms. However, the study showed that there is a fundamental difference between inversion firms when compared to the S&P 500

Leveiya : The process of the Jewish Funeral Service

In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay\u27s first paragraph. I have been interested in religion for most of my life. Attending a private Catholic elementary school, high school, and now a college in the Catholic tradition has helped to fuel this interest. I am a Roman Catholic, so naturally I know a great deal about my own religion, but the religions that I like to learn about the most are those other than my own. I find the many different religions and the different aspects within the religions fascinating

Gender Differences in Risk Perception: Broadening the Contexts

The author surveys literature on the effect of gender on risk perception