Valuable compounds in coffee by-products

Coffee is extensively consumed as one of the most popular beverages, but at the same time it is a major source of organic residues. When not adequately disposed or processed, these residues are a cause of environmental and health concerns. Beneficial properties have been attributed to coffee, not only due to its caffeine contents, but also due to the presence of valuable compounds such as chlorogenic acids. The role of coffee as a beverage in prevention of diseases has been widely discussed. Among other reasons, increasing interest in coffee by-products has been ascribed to their potential as functional ingredients for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Pointing out to the industrial uses, it is important to consider that coffee pulp, which results from the coffee berry processing, comprises almost 45% of the cherry, being a valuable material for several purposes. Major polyphenols described in coffee pulp are flavan-3-ols (monomers and procyanidins), hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanidins. Moreover, additional by-products of coffee processing, such as the mucilage and the fiber fractions, parchment, and silverskin, have also been studied. The aim of this chapter is to review recent information related to the utilization of coffee processing by-products, focusing mainly on the health beneficial properties, but also on other uses when appropriate.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de AlimentosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro para Investigaciones en Granos y Semillas (CIGRAS

Effect of ethanolic extraction, thermal vacuum concentration, ultrafiltration, and spray drying on polyphenolic compounds of tropical highland blackberry (Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.) by-product

Tropical highland blackberry by-product (BBP) has high amounts of polyphenols including ellagitannins (ET) and anthocyanins (ATC). Information of the effect of different operations on ET is scarce. In this study, pseudo-first and first order kinetic models and response surface methodology were applied to optimize the extraction of polyphenols from BBP using ethanol, a food grade solvent. Retention of total polyphenols, ET and ATC was analyzed considering their contents before and after the application of thermal vacuum concentration, ultrafiltration, and spray drying. The optimal conditions for extraction were: a 3.4 solvent/BBP ratio, 57.1% ethanol, 60.0°C, and 120 min extraction time. Thermal vacuum concentration showed a higher retention of ET. A higher purity of ET was accomplished with ultrafiltration. These results provide the basis for further research on the development of a powder enriched with polyphenols, mainly ET, from BBP for food and pharmacological purposes.Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-B3-102]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de Alimento

Mamey sapote fruit and carotenoid formulations derived there of are dietary sources of vitamin A-A comparative randomized cross-over study

Mamey sapote is a fruit rich in specific keto-carotenoids, namely sapotexanthin and cryptocapsin. Their chemical structure suggests their provitamin A activity, although their absorption and conversion to vitamin A remained to be demonstrated in humans. Besides structure-related factors, the fruit matrix might also hamper absorption and conversion efficiency. Therefore, we monitored carotenoid and vitamin A levels in triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions in plasma of human participants after consumption of fresh sapote and a carotenoid-rich “matrix-free” formulation derived thereof. A randomized 2-way cross-over study was conducted to compare the post-prandial bioavailability of 0.8 mg sapotexanthin and 1.2–1.5 mg cryptocapsin from the above-mentioned test meals. Seven blood samples were drawn over 9.5 h after test meal consumption. Carotenoids and retinoids were quantitated in TRL fractions using HPLC-DAD. Sapotexanthin was absorbed by all participants from all meals, being ca. 36% more bioavailable from the “matrix-free” formulation (AUCmedian = 73.4 nmol∙h/L) than from the fresh fruit (AUCmedian = 54.0 nmol∙h/L; p ≤ 0.001). Cryptocapsin was only absorbed by 4 of 13 participants. The appearance of retinyl esters was observed in all participants independent of the test meal. Although the fruit matrix hampered carotenoid in vivo-bioavailability from sapote, the fruit clearly represents a valuable source of vitamin A for humans.German Academic Exchange Service/[]/DAAD/AlemaniaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de AlimentosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro de Investigación en Nutrición Animal (CINA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Medicin

Untargeted metabolomic profiling of urine in Wistar rats reveals enhanced bioavailability of soy isoflavones post short-term consumption of noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice

Microfiltered noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice was given by cannulation to 6 Wistar rats for 13 days; the rats were also fed on a standard food formulation containing whole soy bean flour. Twenty-four hour urine was collected before and after the nutritional intervention and was analyzed by UPLC-DAD/ESI+-QTof/MS to perform an untargeted metabolomics study. A supervised multivariate OSC-PLS-DA analysis was performed to discriminate between urine samples. Among the top 10 most discriminant ions, 8 compounds were tentatively identified. Six were significantly increased after noni juice ingestion: the glucuronidate form of S-(-) equol, daidzein, 2 isomers of dihydroxyquinoline, naphthyl and hippuric acid. On the contrary, the urinary excretion of the oligosaccharides stachyose and raffinose, was significantly reduced. Still highly statistically significant, glucuronated genistein and glycetein were also elevated in urine after noni juice ingestion. Noni juice appeared to considerably enhance the bioavailability of soy isoflavone and modify the metabolism of soy oligosaccharides.Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-A2-502]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[735-A6-912]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacéuticas (INIFAR

Tecnologías de separación y purificación del ácido láctico

Dentro de las tecnologías disponibles para la recuperación del ácido láctico producido por fermentación se encuentran las siguientes: extracción por solventes, adsorción, esterificación, electrodiálisis y destilación reactiva; aunque tradicionalmente se ha realizado por la precipitación en forma de lactato de calcio, que a su vez genera como desecho una alta cantidad de sulfato de calcio (Joglekar et al., 2006). Es importante la concentración y pureza deseada, ya que para aplicaciones comerciales se requiere soluciones de concentraciones que van de 20 % a 80 % (grado técnico). Para uso en alimentos (soluciones grado alimentario), productos farmacéuticos y elaboración de ácido poliláctico, las concentraciones requeridas van de 80 % a 90 % en soluciones altamente puras (Vijayakumar et al., 2008).Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-A8-110]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA

GC–MS profiling, descriptive sensory analysis, and consumer acceptance of Costa Rican papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit purees

Volatiles of papaya purees from four Costa Rican cultivars were analysed by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 83 volatiles was assigned in the purees, of which 19 were detected for the first time as papaya constituents. As revealed by multivariate statistics, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the purees may be allocated to terpene- and lactone-rich (‘SH-5’), ester-containing (‘Criolla’), and intermediate chemotypes (‘Pococí’ and ‘Silvestre’). Descriptive sensory analysis and a consumer acceptance test were additionally performed. Floral, fruity, and honey-like notes were perceived at significantly higher intensities in ‘SH-5’ puree. The latter descriptors strongly correlated with volatiles discriminating ‘SH-5’ in the PCA and PLS-DA, respectively. Consumer acceptance of the papaya purees differed significantly. ‘Pococí’ and ‘SH-5’ purees appear to be suitable for improving the nutritional value of blended fruit juices without impairing their sensory quality.German Academic Exchange Service/[]/DAAD/AlemaniaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de Alimento

Characterization of phytochemicals in Costa Rican guava (Psidium friedrichsthalianum -Nied.) fruit and stability of main compounds during juice processing - (U)HPLC-DAD-ESI-TQD-MSn

Psidium fruits are well known in tropical countries as a food and have traditionally been used for the treatment of some diseases, e.g., diarrhea and diabetes. Among them, P. friedrichsthalianum has been associated with positive health effects caused by polyphenols and vitamin C, but detailed information on the phytochemicals involved and their stability during processing is scarce. This study addresses the characterization and quantification of phytochemicals in the peel and flesh of P. friedrichsthalianum using UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. Over 100 compounds were characterized, among them proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins, flavanolignans, biflavonoids, and dihydrochalcones. The content of polar secondary metabolites in the peel was approximately 30% higher than in the flesh. B-type proanthocyanidins represented 52.2% and 35.8% in peel and flesh, respectively. During juice processing, geraniin and vescalagin were not affected, whereas other compounds underwent some changes. Castalagin isomers were negatively affected, but pedunculagin isomers, cinnamoyl-O-hexoside, and citric, succinic, and dehydroascorbic acids contents increased. This report highlights the importance of considering Costa Rican guava as a good source of condensed and hydrolysable tannins, i.e., proanthocyanidins and ellagitannins, respectively. Besides, this fruit seems to be a potential raw material for the development of foods, e.g., juice, containing phytochemicals that showed to be stable during pasteurization.Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-A6-912]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA

Valorización de subproductos obtenidos del procesamiento agroindustrial

Los subproductos generados por la industria alimentaria pueden ser fuente de compuestos de alto valor agregado y constituirse en materias primas para la obtención de ingredientes funcionales (Schieber et al., 2001).Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-A8-110]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de Alimento

Fate of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in acidified cold-filled hot pepper sauces

Consumption of spicy foods and hot sauces is currently a popular trend worldwide. Shelf-stable acidified sauces are commonly hot-filled to ensure commercial sterility, but cold-fill-hold processes might also be suitable if microbial safety and stability are ensured. For this study, model acidified hot pepper sauces were developed and characterized. The effects of sauce pH and of two different organic acids on the survival of Pichia manshurica and Lactobacillus curvatus isolated from contaminated commercial hot sauces and on pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes were assessed. Full factorial designs with three levels for pH (3.2, 3.5, and 3.9) and two for organic acid (citric and acetic) were used to determine the effects of these factors and their interactions on the survival of the microorganisms. Commercially sterile sauces were independently inoculated and kept at ambient temperature. Microbial counts were determined at different sampling times, depending on the treatment evaluated. Sauces acidified to pH 3.2 with citric or acetic acid were inoculated with cocktails of five strains or serotypes of the three pertinent pathogens, and inactivation curves were determined. Trials were performed in triplicate. A greater than 5-log reduction of P. manshurica and L. curvatus was achieved in less than 6 h in sauces adjusted to pH 3.2 with acetic acid. Greater than 5-log reductions of pathogenic bacteria were achieved 0.5 h after inoculation in sauces acidified to pH 3.2 with acetic acid. In contrast, at least 48 h was required to guarantee the same inactivation for the most tolerant pathogen when citric acid was used. Thus, a cold-fill-hold process may be a suitable alternative for acidified hot pepper sauces. Based on survival of the microorganisms evaluated in this study, microbial safety and stability can be achieved by adjusting the pH to 3.2 or less by the addition of acetic acid.Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-B5-246]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de Alimento

Growth conditions and survival kinetics during storage of Lactobacillus rhamnosusGG for the design of a sustainable probiotic whey-based beverage containing Costa Rican guava fruit pulp

The finding of economical and practical applications for milk whey is still a challenge for dairy industries. This paper presents information about the development of a probiotic–prebiotic beverage based on Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Costa Rican guava (CRG) fruit pulp with industrial potential. First, a supplemented whey media was developed for LGG growth, and the whey-supplemented media was used for fermentation in bioreactors. LGG reached a maximum growth rate of 0.32 hr−1 after 48 hr of fermentation. The whey-grown probiotics were then mixed with CRG pulp to produce the probiotic–prebiotic beverage. The survival kinetics of LGG in the formulated drink was not affected by the addition of CRG pulp (P > 0.05), and the shelf-life of the inoculated beverage surpassed 40 days with a minimum population of 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL. Properties as pH, fructose, glucose, sucrose, and proanthocyanidins (PACs) content exhibited a significant difference after storage time (P < 0.05). Finally, three different formulas of the beverage with different whey content were compared through sensory evaluation. The prototype with 50% whey content was one of the most valuable beverage formulas according to the organoleptic parameters, which remarks about the possibility of developing a probiotic whey-based beverage containing CRG pulp. Furthermore, this is the first report about CRG beverages as a probiotic vector.Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa RicaCentro Nacional de Alta Tecnología/[]/CeNAT/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de Alimento