Effective Rheology of Bubbles Moving in a Capillary Tube

We calculate the average volumetric flux versus pressure drop of bubbles moving in a single capillary tube with varying diameter, finding a square-root relation from mapping the flow equations onto that of a driven overdamped pendulum. The calculation is based on a derivation of the equation of motion of a bubble train from considering the capillary forces and the entropy production associated with the viscous flow. We also calculate the configurational probability of the positions of the bubbles.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Alignment of the ALICE Inner Tracking System with cosmic-ray tracks

37 pages, 15 figures, revised version, accepted by JINSTALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiment devoted to investigating the strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies. The ALICE ITS, Inner Tracking System, consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors with three different technologies; in the outward direction: two layers of pixel detectors, two layers each of drift, and strip detectors. The number of parameters to be determined in the spatial alignment of the 2198 sensor modules of the ITS is about 13,000. The target alignment precision is well below 10 micron in some cases (pixels). The sources of alignment information include survey measurements, and the reconstructed tracks from cosmic rays and from proton-proton collisions. The main track-based alignment method uses the Millepede global approach. An iterative local method was developed and used as well. We present the results obtained for the ITS alignment using about 10^5 charged tracks from cosmic rays that have been collected during summer 2008, with the ALICE solenoidal magnet switched off.Peer reviewe

Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles in proton-proton collisions at root s=900 GeV with ALICE at the LHC

-The inclusive charged particle transverse momentum distribution is measured in proton-proton collisions at root s = 900 GeV at the LHC using the ALICE detector. The measurement is performed in the central pseudorapidity region (vertical bar eta vertical bar (INEL) = 0.483 +/- 0.001 (stat.) +/- 0.007 (syst.) GeV/c and (NSD) = 0.489 +/- 0.001 (stat.) +/- 0.007 (syst.) GeV/c, respectively. The data exhibit a slightly larger than measurements in wider pseudorapidity intervals. The results are compared to simulations with the Monte Carlo event generators PYTHIA and PHOJET

First proton-proton collisions at the LHC as observed with the ALICE detector: measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density at root s=900 GeV

On 23rd November 2009, during the early commissioning of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), two counter-rotating proton bunches were circulated for the first time concurrently in the machine, at the LHC injection energy of 450 GeV per beam. Although the proton intensity was very low, with only one pilot bunch per beam, and no systematic attempt was made to optimize the collision optics, all LHC experiments reported a number of collision candidates. In the ALICE experiment, the collision region was centred very well in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and 284 events were recorded in coincidence with the two passing proton bunches. The events were immediately reconstructed and analyzed both online and offline. We have used these events to measure the pseudorapidity density of charged primary particles in the central region. In the range vertical bar eta vertical bar S collider. They also illustrate the excellent functioning and rapid progress of the LHC accelerator, and of both the hardware and software of the ALICE experiment, in this early start-up phase

First proton-proton collisions at the LHC as observed with the ALICE detector: measurement of the charged-particle pseudorapidity density at root s=900 GeV

-On 23rd November 2009, during the early commissioning of the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC), two counter-rotating proton bunches were circulated for the first time concurrently in the machine, at the LHC injection energy of 450 GeV per beam. Although the proton intensity was very low, with only one pilot bunch per beam, and no systematic attempt was made to optimize the collision optics, all LHC experiments reported a number of collision candidates. In the ALICE experiment, the collision region was centred very well in both the longitudinal and transverse directions and 284 events were recorded in coincidence with the two passing proton bunches. The events were immediately reconstructed and analyzed both online and offline. We have used these events to measure the pseudorapidity density of charged primary particles in the central region. In the range vertical bar eta vertical bar S collider. They also illustrate the excellent functioning and rapid progress of the LHC accelerator, and of both the hardware and software of the ALICE experiment, in this early start-up phase

pengaruh model pembelajaran inductive thinking - deductive thinking terhadap hasil belajar IPS ditinjau dari jenis kelamin siswa kelas VII SMP N 2 KARTASURA

ABSTRAK Ulfah Fajar Hayati (K5411064) PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN DEDUCTIVE THINKING–INDUCTIVE THINKING DITINJAU DARI JENIS KELAMIN TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 2 KARTASURA TAHUN AJARAN 2014/2015 (Materi Pembelajaran Kondisi Geografis dan Penduduk). Proposal Skripsi, Surakarta: Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan. Universitas Sebelas Maret. Februari 2015. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar IPS materi pembelajaran kondisi geografis dan penduduk antara model pembelajaran deductive thinking dan model pembelajaran induktive thinking pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Kartasura tahun ajaran 2014/2015. 2) Untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar IPS materi pembelajaran kondisi geografis dan penduduk pada siswa laki-laki yang disampaikan dengan model pembelajaran deductive thinking dan model pembelajaran inductive thinking pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Kartasura tahun ajaran 2014/2015. 3) Untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil belajar IPS materi pembelajaran kondisi geografis dan penduduk pada siswa perempuan yang disampaikan dengan model pembelajaran deductive thinking dan model pembelajaran inductive thinking pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Kartasura tahun ajaran 2014/2015. 4) Untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara model pembelajaran dan jenis kelamin terhadap hasil belajar IPS materi pembelajaran kondisi geografis dan penduduk pada siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Kartasura tahun ajaran 2014/2015. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Eksperimental dengan rencana design grup factorial 2x2. Populasi penelitian adalah kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Kartasura, Sukoharjo dan sampel penelitian adalah siswa kelas VIID dan VIIA Sampel tersebut diambil dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan tes dalam bentuk tes obyektif pilihan ganda. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dengan pengujian hipotesis analisis Anova Dua Arah (Two Way Anova) pada taraf signifikasi 5%

Representative bureaucracy in Canada: multiculturalism in the public service

As the population in many western democracies becomes increasingly diverse as a result of global migration, national governments are challenged with settling and integrating minority groups into mainstream society. Yet accomplishing sustainable integration is difficult and issue-laden, as anti-immigrant sentiments, discrimination and barriers to employment, tokenism, and a lack of opportunities continue to affect minority participation in the host society. In that respect, Canada has adopted Multiculturalism as a public policy instrument to nation-building. In order to meet the needs of its diverse population, Canada has also implemented Employment Equity in its civil service as a measure to achieve representative bureaucracy among its cadre of civil servants. To date, the Canadian Multiculturalism policy has been met with a relative degree of success in comparison to other countries with strong immigrant receiving traditions. This comparative level of success is due in part to Canada’s emphasis on immigrant integration (vis-a-vis assimilation) where both host group members and minority group members adopt and adapt to each other’s cultures. This chapter details how Canada’s unique English and French roots, immigration history, and pluralist view of citizenship have allowed Multiculturalism to be deployed as a public policy tool to successfully integrate minorities and citizens with immigrant backgrounds in comparison to other countries. We also discuss how Multiculturalism has been used to mitigate some of the issues which arise from diverse workforces. We close with a review on how Canada has engaged its civil service to help achieve its ideals as a multicultural nation

Multiplicity dependence of pion, kaon, proton and lambda production in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV

AbstractIn this Letter, comprehensive results on π±, K±, KS0, p(p¯) and Λ(Λ¯) production at mid-rapidity (0<yCMS<0.5) in p–Pb collisions at sNN=5.02 TeV, measured by the ALICE detector at the LHC, are reported. The transverse momentum distributions exhibit a hardening as a function of event multiplicity, which is stronger for heavier particles. This behavior is similar to what has been observed in pp and Pb–Pb collisions at the LHC. The measured pT distributions are compared to d–Au, Au–Au and Pb–Pb results at lower energy and with predictions based on QCD-inspired and hydrodynamic models

A very high momentum particle identification detector

A new detector concept has been investigated to extend the capabilities of heavy-ion collider experiments, represented here through the ALICE detector, in the high transverse momentum (p T region. The resulting Very High Momentum Particle Identification Detector (VHMPID) performs charged hadron identification on a track-by-track basis in the 5 GeV/c < p < 25 GeV/c momentum range and provides heavy-ion experiments with new opportunities to study parton-medium interactions at RHIC and LHC energies, where the creation of deconfined quark-gluon matter has been established. The detector is based on novel advances to the pressurized gaseous ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) concept, which yield a very compact, high resolution addition to existing heavy-ion experiments. We conclude that in order for the device to yield statistically significant results not only for single particle measurements, but also for di-hadron and jet-tagged correlation studies, it has to cover contiguously up to 30% of a central barrel detector in radial direction. This will allow, for the first time, identified charged hadron measurements in jets. In this paper we summarize the physics motivations for such a device, as well as its conceptual design, layout, and integration into ALICE

Charged-particle multiplicity measurement in proton-proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV with ALICE at LHC

The pseudorapidity density and multiplicity distribution of charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions at the LHC, at a centre-of-mass energy √s= 7 TeV, were measured in the central pseudorapidity region {pipe}η{pipe} &lt; 1. Comparisons are made with previous measurements at √s = 0.9 TeV and 2.36 TeV. At √s = 7 TeV, for events with at least one charged particle in {pipe}η{pipe} &lt; 1, we obtain dNch/dη = 6.01 ± 0.01(stat.)+0.20-0.12(syst.). This corresponds to an increase of 57.6% ± 0.4%(stat.)+3.6-1.8%(syst.) relative to collisions at 0.9 TeV, significantly higher than calculations from commonly used models. The multiplicity distribution at 7 TeV is described fairly well by the negative binomial distribution. © 2010 CERN for the benefit of the ALICE collaboration