Synthesis of metal nanoparticles from metallosurfactants

Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti sintezu metalnih nanočestica Co, Ni i Cu kemijskom redukcijom pomoću dimernih PAT koje u svojoj strukturi sadrže metale, (12–2–12)[MBr4], M = Co, Ni, Cu, u dva različita medija, u vodi i emulziji heksan/voda. Jedno od važnih svojstava PAT koje u svojoj strukturi sadrže metale je sposobnost asocijacije u različite molekulske asocijate kao što su npr. micele, koje mogu poslužiti i kao izvor metalnih iona i kao predložak za sintezu metalnih nanočestica. Sinteza metalnih nanočestica je već duže vrijeme u centru pažnje znanstvenika jer zahvaljujući svojim specifičnim fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima pružaju široku mogućnost primjene u različitim granama industrije, medicine i farmacije. Jedna od najjednostavnijih metoda sinteze metalnih nanočestica je kemijska redukcija, no ona često zahtijeva upotrebu toksičnih kemikalija. Korištenjem PAT kao izvora nanočestica te istovremeno kao stabilizatora, smanjuje se potreba za dodatnim kemikalijama. Za određivanje veličine i morfologije sintetiziranih metalnih nanočestica korištene su mikroskopske tehnike, pretražna elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) i transmisijska elektronska mikroskopija (TEM), a za utvrđivanje prisutnih kemijskih elemenata, energijski razlučujući spektrometar (EDS). Za određivanje veličine i ζ potencijala dobivenih nanočestica korišteno je dinamičko raspršenje svjetlosti (DLS) i elektroforetsko raspršenje svjetlosti (ELS). Utvrđeno je da sinteza iz vode, iako ekološki prihvatljivija, lošiji sintetski put u odnosu na emulzije heksan/voda. U svim pokušajima sinteze izolirane su nanočestice metalnih oksida što je vidljivo iz snimljenih EDS spektara. Pomoću TEM i DLS analiza pokazano je da su pojedinačne nanočestice jako male i odgovaraju otprilike veličini micela dimernih PAT, ali su sklone agregiranju usprkos relativno velikim ζ potencijalima.The aim of this study was to investigate the synthesis of Co, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles from dimeric surfactants (12–2–12)[MBr4], M = Co, Ni, Cu using chemical reduction method, in two different media: water and a hexane/water emulsion. An important property of dimeric surfactants containing metals is their ability to form metallomicelles, which can act both as a source of metal ions and as a template for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has attracted considerable attention because of their distinctive physicochemical properties, which enable a broad spectrum of applications across diverse industries, particularly in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Chemical reduction is one of the simplest methods for synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, although it often requires toxic chemicals. By using dimeric surfactants as both a source of nanoparticles and as stabilizers, the need for additional chemicals is reduced. Microscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the size and morphology of the synthesized metallic nanoparticles, while energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to identify the chemical elements present. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) were used to measure particle size and zeta potential. The findings indicate that while synthesis in water is more environmentally friendly, it is a less effective synthetic route compared to the hexane/water emulsion. In all synthesis attempts, metallic oxide nanoparticles were isolated, as shown by the recorded EDS spectra. TEM and DLS analyses revealed that individual nanoparticles were very small, approximately the size of the dimeric surfactant micelles, but they tended to aggregate despite relatively high zeta potentials

Upravljanje rizikom u globalnom lancu dobave medicinskih proizvoda

The global supply chain for medical devices is crucial for ensuring the availability of essential healthcare products. Still, it faces various risks that can lead to significant disruptions, impacting patient care and financial stability. Effective risk management is critical to address these vulnerabilities and to maintain a reliable supply of medical devices while minimizing economic, environmental, and social impacts. This involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating risks to keep the supply chain resilient and efficient, balancing immediate operational needs with long-term strategic goals. Challenges such as natural disasters, geopolitical tensions, economic instability, and global health crises like the COVID-19 pandemic highlight the need for robust risk management strategies that can adapt to changing conditions. The thesis of this paper will review existing risk management practices and propose an improved strategy based on case studies, industry reports, and others. The ultimate goal is to develop an effective plan and framework for managing these risks, enhancing supply chain resilience and reliability. The research findings emphasize the necessity of a proactive and adaptive approach to risk management, considering the diverse and global nature of medical device supply chains. Implementing the proposed strategies can significantly reduce vulnerabilities, ensuring a more stable and efficient supply chain for medical devices.Globalni lanac opskrbe medicinskim uređajima ključan je za osiguravanje dostupnosti osnovnih zdravstvenih proizvoda. Ipak, suočava se s raznim rizicima koji mogu dovesti do značajnih poremećaja, utječući na skrb o pacijentima i financijsku stabilnost. Učinkovito upravljanje rizicima ključno je za rješavanje ovih ranjivosti i održavanje pouzdane opskrbe medicinskim uređajima uz minimiziranje ekonomskih, okolišnih i društvenih utjecaja. To uključuje identificiranje, procjenu i ublažavanje rizika kako bi se lanac opskrbe održao otpornim i učinkovitim, balansirajući trenutne operativne potrebe s dugoročnim strateškim ciljevima. Izazovi poput prirodnih katastrofa, geopolitičkih napetosti, ekonomske nestabilnosti i globalnih zdravstvenih kriza poput pandemije COVID-19 naglašavaju potrebu za robusnim strategijama upravljanja rizicima koje se mogu prilagoditi promjenjivim uvjetima. Teza ovog rada pregledat će postojeće prakse upravljanja rizicima i predložiti poboljšanu strategiju temeljenu na studijama slučaja, industrijskim izvješćima i drugim izvorima. Krajnji cilj je razviti učinkovit plan i okvir za upravljanje ovim rizicima, poboljšavajući otpornost i pouzdanost lanca opskrbe. Rezultati istraživanja naglašavaju potrebu za proaktivnim i prilagodljivim pristupom upravljanju rizicima, uzimajući u obzir raznolikost i globalnu prirodu lanaca opskrbe medicinskim uređajima. Provedba predloženih strategija može značajno smanjiti ranjivosti, osiguravajući stabilniji i učinkovitiji lanac opskrbe medicinskim uređajima

Quality control of Verbasci flos

U okviru ovog diplomskog rada uspoređena su dva uzorka droge Verbasci flos sakupljena na dvije različite lokacije te je provedena kontrola kakvoće tih uzoraka. Određivanjem broj bubrenja i gubitka sušenjem ustanovljeno je da uzorci odgovaraju farmakopejskim zahtjevima, dok je u uzorku 2 pronađena nešto veća količina fragmenta čaške i ostalih stranih tvari. Mikroskopskim pregledom pronađeni su svi dijelovi koje Farmakopeja propisuje. Tankoslojnom kromatografijom (TLC) dokazana je prisutnost flavonoida i fenolnih kiselina koje su potom određene UV-Vis spektrofotometrijskom metodom te je sadržaj iznosio 0,053-0,075% i 0,08- 0,24%. Također određen je i sadržaj trjeslovina koji je iznosio 0,172-0,24%.As part of this thesis, two types of mullein flower from two different locations were compared and the quality control of these samples was carried out. By determining the swelling index and loss on drying, it was found that the samples correspond to pharmacopoeial requirements, while in the sample 2 there was slightly larger amount of fragments of the calyx, and other foreign substances was found. By microscopic examination we found all the parts prescribed by the Pharmacopoeia. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which were then quantified by UV-vis spectrometric method, with the content ranging from 0.053% to 0.075% and 0.08% to 0.24%. The content of tannins was also determined, ranging from 0.172% to 0.24%

Synthesis of fulleretic composite materials by liquid-directed mechanochemical templation

Predmet istraživanja je usmjeravajući učinak tekućine i fulerena u kontroliranoj mehanokemijskoj sintezi polimorfnih i kompozitnih faza cinkova imidazolata. Osim dosad poznatih faza cinkova imidazolata čije su strukture „preguste“ za apsorpciju fulerena, pripravljene su tri nove topologije kompozita cinkova imidazolata s fulerenom: C 70 @CHA- ZnIm 2 i C 60 @CHA-ZnIm 2 , C60 @X-ZnIm 2 i C 60 @T-ZnIm 2 . X i T faze su zasad nove i nepoznate topologije. Dobiveni spojevi su izučavani difrakcijom rentgenskih zraka na praškastim uzorcima, termogravimetrijom, infracrvenom spektroskopijom i elektronskom spinskom rezonancijom. Dok se CHA-ZnIm 2 i X-ZnIm 2 faza mogu pripraviti samo uz prisustvo fulerena, T-ZnIm 2 faza se može pripraviti i bez fulerena, ali manje količine enkapsuliranog fulerena dodatno stabiliziraju ovu nestabilnu fazu. Količina apsorbiranog fulerena ovisi o vrsti i količini dodanog fulerena (C 60 ili C70 ) i o tipu faze kompozita.The subject of research is the directing effect of liquid and fullerene in the controlled mechanochemical synthesis of polymorphic and composite phases of zinc imidazolate. In addition to the previously known zinc imidazolate phases whose structures are “too dense” for fullerene absorption, the inclusion of fullerene in the structure stabilized three new topologies of zinc imidazolate composites: C70 @CHA-ZnIm 2 and C 60 @CHA-ZnIm 2 , C 60 @X-ZnIm 2 and C 60 @T-ZnIm 2 . X and T phases have a new unreported topology. The obtained compounds were studied by X-ray diffraction on powder samples, thermogravimetry, infrared spectroscopy and electronic paramagnetic resonance. While the CHA-ZnIm 2 and X-ZnIm 2 phases can only be prepared with the addition of fullerene, T-ZnIm 2 phase can be prepared without the presence of fullerenes, but small amounts of encapsulated fullerene additionally stabilize the otherwise unstable phase. The amount of fullerene absorbed depends on the type of fullerene (C 60 or C 70 ), the amount of added fullerene and the type of composite phase

Characterization of autochthonous microorganisms with high ability to degrade hydrocarbons from oil contaminated soils

Kako potreba za naftom i njenim proizvodima raste, tako dolazi i do sve češćih onečišćenja okoliša prilikom raznih aktivnosti tijekom njezine uporabe. Zbog svog negativnog utjecaja na sav živi svijet, naftne ugljikovodike nužno je ukloniti iz okoliša. Jedan od postupaka za remedijaciju tla onečišćenog naftom je bioremedijacija. Bioremedijacija je okolišno i ekonomski prihvatljiv postupak za uklanjanje prisutnog onečišćenja u kojem mikroorganizmi i njihovi enzimi imaju ključnu ulogu. Kako bi se povećala učinkovitost bioremedijacije potrebno je selektirati mikroorganizme koji pokazuju afinitet za razgradnju naftnih ugljikovodika. U ovom radu provedena je izolacija, identifikacija i karakterizacija autohtonih mikrobnih kultura iz uzorka tla onečišćenog sirovom naftom u šaržnim uvjetima u periodu 28 dana. Dobivene vrijednosti CFU su se kretale u rangu od 1,20 × 10^7 do 1,15 × 10^9/g tla. Rezultati pokazuju da je aktivnost bakterija i gljiva bila najveća pri pH-vrijednosti 7,25 i 6,5. Na temelju morfologije, biokemijskih testova i MALDI TOF analize identificirane su bakterijske vrste: Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus i Pseudomonas chlororaphis.As the demand for petroleum and petroleum products increases, so does the pollution caused by the various activities associated with the use of petroleum. Because of their negative impact on all living things, petroleum hydrocarbons must be removed from the environment. One of the methods of remediation of oil polluted soil is bioremediation. Bioremediation is an ecologically and economically viable method of removing contaminated sites, in which microorganisms and their enzymes play a key role. In order to increase the efficiency of bioremediation, it is necessary to select microorganisms that have affinity for degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. In this work, the isolation, identification and characterization of autochthonous microbial cultures from a petroleum contaminated soil sample was carried out under batch conditions over a period of 28 days. Determinated CFU values ranged from 1.20 × 10^7 to 1.15 × 10^9/g soil. The results show that the activity of bacteria and fungi was highest at pH 7.25 and 6.5. Based on morphology, biochemical tests and analysis of MALDI TOF, bacterial species were identified: Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas chlororaphis

Contribution of Parental Practices to the Positive Development of Adolescents

Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati ulogu roditeljskih praksi, odnosno dimenzija roditeljskog nadzora i roditeljskog prihvaćanja i odbijanja, u pozitivnom razvoju adolescenata Točnije, utvrditi odnose roditeljskog nadzora i roditeljskog prihvaćanja i odbijanja s čimbenicima „5C“ modela pozitivnog razvoja. Istraživanje je provedeno u okviru većeg znanstvenog projekta „Testiranje 5c modela pozitivnog razvoja mladih: tradicionalno i digitalno mobilno mjerenje (P.R.O.T.E.C.T.)“, čiji je nositelj Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijskog fakulteta. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja izdvojen je uzorak od 653 učenika trećih razreda srednjih škola varaždinske županije. Specifičnosti pozitivnog razvoja adolescenata i njihovih percepcija roditeljskih praksi njihovih roditelja mjerene su Upitnikom roditeljskog nadzora (Stattin i Kerr, 2000) i Skalom percepcije roditeljskog ponašanja (Macuka, 2007), dok su glavni kontstrukti ispitivani Kratkom verzijom upitnika pozitivnog razvoja (Geldhof i sur., 2014). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da adolescenti u prosjeku najviše percipiraju roditeljsko znanje (M= 3.66, SD= 0.78) i samootkrivanje (M= 3.66, SD= 0.86) kao oblike roditeljskog nadzora, dok je u prosjeku slabije doživljavaju pretjeranu kontrolu (M= 2.16, SD= 0.89). Također, rezultati ukazuju da postoje statistički značajne pozitivne povezanosti između dimenzija roditeljskog nadzora i čimbenika „5C“ modela, osim pretjerane roditeljske kontrole koja je statistički značajno negativno povezana s istim čimbenicima. Isto su tako utvrđene statistički značajne pozitivne povezanosti između prihvaćanja od strane oca i majke te čimbenika „5C“ modela, dok su između odbijanja od strane oca i majke i navedenih čimbenika utvrđene statistički značajne negativne povezanosti. Nadalje, utvrđene su rodne razlike u povezanosti između dimenzija roditeljskog nadzora i čimbenika pozitivnog razvoja. Pri čemu su rezultati pokazali da su kod mladića utvrđene statistički značajne povezanosti za gotove sve dimenzije roditeljskog nadzora i čimbenike „5C“ modela, ali kod djevojaka se neke povezanosti nisu pokazale statistički značajnima. Zajedničko im je to što nije utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost između dimenzije roditeljske kontrole i čimbenika samosvijesti, a odnosi su nešto snažniji kod mladića nego djevojaka. Rodne razlike u povezanosti ukazuju da su kod mladića utvrđene su statistički značajne pozitivne povezanosti između prihvaćanja od strane oba roditelja i svih čimbenika „5C“ modela i statistički značajne negativne povezanosti između odbijanja od strane oba roditelja i svih čimbenika pozitivnog razvoja. Za razliku od mladića, kod djevojaka nisu utvrđene statistički značajne povezanosti između svih varijabla. Rezultati ovog rada mogu doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju utjecaja roditeljskog nadzora i roditeljskog prihvaćanja i odbijanja kao roditeljskih praksi na pozitivan razvoj adolescenata i samim time pružiti smjernice za preventivno djelovanje u kontekstu obitelji i roditeljstva. Također, postavljaju temelj za kreiranje strategija i intervencija usmjerenih roditeljima i obitelji u svrhu osiguravanja pozitivnih razvojnih ishoda kod djece i mladih.The aim of this thesis was to examine the role of parental practices, specifically the dimensions of parental monitoring and parental acceptance and rejection, in the positive development of adolescents. More precisely, the study aimed to determine the relationships between parental monitoring, parental acceptance and rejection, and the factors of the "5C" model of positive development.The research was conducted within a larger scientific project, "Testing the 5C Model of Positive Youth Development: Traditional and Digital Mobile Measurement (P.R.O.T.E.C.T.)", led by the Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences. For the purpose of this study, a sample of 653 third-grade high school students from Varaždin County was selected. The specifics of positive youth development and their perceptions of their parents' practices were measured using the Parental Monitoring Questionnaire (Stattin & Kerr, 2000) and the Parental Behavior Perception Scale (Macuka, 2007), while the main constructs were assessed using the Short Form of the Positive Youth Development Questionnaire (Geldhof et al., 2014). The results indicate that, on average, adolescents perceive parental knowledge (M = 3.66, SD = 0.78) and self-disclosure (M = 3.66, SD = 0.86) as the most common forms of parental monitoring, while over-control is perceived less frequently (M = 2.16, SD = 0.89). Furthermore, the results show statistically significant positive correlations between the dimensions of parental monitoring and the factors of the "5C" model, except for excessive parental control, which is statistically significantly negatively correlated with these factors. Statistically significant positive correlations were also found between acceptance by both the father and the mother and the "5C" model factors, while statistically significant negative correlations were found between rejection by both parents and these factors. Additionally, gender differences were found in the correlations between the dimensions of parental monitoring and the factors of positive development. The results showed that, for boys, there were statistically significant correlations for almost all dimensions of parental monitoring and the "5C" model factors, while for girls, some correlations were not statistically significant. Both groups shared a lack of statistically significant correlation between the dimension of parental control and the factor of self-awareness, with the relationships being slightly stronger for boys than for girls. Gender differences in correlations indicate that boys showed statistically significant positive correlations between acceptance by both parents and all factors of the "5C" model and statistically significant negative correlations between rejection by both parents and all factors of positive development. In contrast, for girls, not all variables were found to be statistically significantly correlated. The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the impact of parental monitoring and parental acceptance and rejection as parenting practices on the positive development of adolescents, thereby providing guidelines for preventive action in the context of family and parenting. Additionally, they lay the foundation for the creation of strategies and interventions aimed at parents and families to ensure positive developmental outcomes for children and youth

Design of battery pack mounting bracket as part of prototype battery-driven electric train development

Tema ovog završnog rada je konstruiranje i simuliranje nosača krovnih baterija vlaka putem programskog paketa CATIA na način da zadovolje normu HRN EN 12633. Nosače je potrebno izraditi iz legure AlZn10Si8Mg postupkom gravitacijskog lijevanja u pješčani kalup. Prije konstruiranja objašnjena je navedena norma, postupak lijevanja i razlog korištenja navojnih umetaka za vijčane spojeve. Zatim rad prikazuje iterativni postupak dolaska do konačnog proizvoda simuliranjem inačica nosača jednu za drugom unaprjeđujući ih sve do zadnje. Nakon dobivenog oblika konačnog nosača proizveden je 3D printani model koji služi za proizvodnju pješčanih kalupa. Korištenjem programskog paketa Altair Inspire Cast simulirano je lijevanje aluminijske legure u kalup i naznačeni potencijalni problemi prilikom lijevanja te je prikazan postupak lijevanja uživo. Na kraju rada nalaze se rezultati ispitivanja provedenih tokom proizvodnje nosača kako bi se usporedio nosač dobiven u programskom paketu sa stvarnim rezultatima ispitivanja.The subject of this final paper is the construction and simulation of train roof battery supports using the CATIA software package in such a way that the HRN 12633 standard is met. The supports must be made from the AlZn10SiMg alloy using gravity die casting into a sand mold. Before constructing, the stated norm, casting process and the reason for using threaded inserts for screw connections were explained. Then the paper shows the iterative process of working towards the final product by simulating the mounting bracket versions one after the other and improving them until the last one. After obtaining the shape of the final mounting bracket, a 3D printed model was produced, which is used for the production of sand molds. Using the software package Altair Inspire Cast, the casting of the Aluminium alloy into a mold was simulated and potential problems during the casting were indicated after which a live casting process was shown. At the end of the paper, the results of tests carried out during the production of the mounting brackets are shown so that real results could be compared to the ones obtained in the software packages

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G GLYCOSYLATION IN DOWN SYNDROME

Glikozilacija je jedna od najčešćih ko- i posttranslacijskih modifikacija proteina. Glikani vezani na imunoglobulin G (IgG) utječu na njegovu strukturu i funkciju i mijenjaju se s dobi te u brojnim fiziološkim i patološkim stanjima organizma. Znakovi preuranjenog starenja, kao i brojne druge bolesti, česti su kod Downova sindroma (DS). Tekućinskom kromatografijom ultravisoke učinkovitosti analizirana je glikozilacija IgG-a u tri populacije osoba s DS-om za koje su postojali klinički podaci o najčešćim komorbiditetima i uspoređena s onom njihovih zdravih vršnjaka. Proučen je utjecaj produkata gena kromosoma 21 B3GALT5, RUNX1 i DYRK1A na glikozilaciju IgG-a u DS-u digestijom glikana IgG-a egzoglikozidazama te kemijskom inhibicijom produkata gena u limfoblastoidnim staničnim linijama. Pokazano je kako glikozilacija IgG-a osoba s DS-om neovisno o učestalim komorbiditetima odgovara kronološki starijim zdravim osobama. U korištenim eksperimentalnim sustavima RUNX1 ima izravan utjecaj na glikozilaciju IgG-a u DS-u, dok B3GALT5 i DYRK1A nemaju.Glycosylation is one of the most common co- and posttranslational modifications. Glycans attached to immunoglobulin G (IgG) affect its function and change with age and in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Signs of premature aging, along with many other diseases, are common in Down syndrome (DS). IgG glycosylation of three DS populations that had clinical data on the most common comorbidities was analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and compared to their healthy peers. The impact of chromosome 21 gene products B3GALT5, DYRK1A and RUNX1 on IgG glycosylation was studied using enzymatic digestions of IgG glycans and IgG-producing lymphoblastoid cell lines obtained from individuals with and without DS. IgG glycosylation was revealed to be significantly shifted in the direction of aging in DS, showing a ubiquitous trend independent of comorbidities, and an insight into the effect of gene products B3GALT5, DYRK1A and RUNX1 on IgG glycosylation was provided

Construction of a system for preparing water of increased purity for use in medical laboratories

Tema ovog završnog rada je dimenzioniranje sustava za pripremu vode povišene čistoće, koji će proizvoditi minimalno 30 L/h s vodljivošću maksimalno 1 (μS/cm). Sustav je namijenjen za korištenje u medicinskim laboratorijima, gdje su zahtjevi za kvalitetu vode izrazito strogi. Voda koja se obrađuje dolazi iz javnog vodoopskrbnog sustava, što znači da sustav mora biti sposoban ukloniti širok spektar onečišćenja, uključujući otopljene soli, organske tvari, mikroorganizme i čestice. U medicinskim laboratorijima, čista voda je neophodna za precizno izvođenje analiza, pripremu reagensa, ispiranje laboratorijske opreme i mnoge druge ključne procese. Čak i najmanje nečistoće u vodi mogu značajno utjecati na rezultate testova i pouzdanost eksperimenata, stoga je postizanje visoke razine čistoće vode od presudne važnosti. U prvom dijelu rada istražile su se opće karakteristike vode, njezina kemijska i fizička svojstva te važnost čistoće vode u različitim industrijama, s posebnim naglaskom na medicinske laboratorije. Analizirani su specifični zahtjevi koje voda mora zadovoljiti za laboratorijsku upotrebu, uključujući standarde čistoće, kemijsku sastav i biološku sigurnost. Također su predstavljene različite metode pročišćavanja vode, uz detaljan opis principa rada svake metode i njihovih prednosti i nedostataka. Drugi dio rada fokusira se na tehnički aspekt projektiranja sustava. Ovdje je proveden detaljan proračun postrojenja, uključujući dimenzioniranje ključnih komponenti kao što su crpke, membranske jedinice, spremnici i filtri. Proračun uključuje izračune kapaciteta sustava i protoka vode. Posebna pažnja posvećena je se optimizaciji procesa kako bi se osigurala maksimalna učinkovitost i minimalni operativni troškovi, uz istovremeno postizanje visoke razine čistoće vode. Treći dio rada obuhvaća izradu P&I (Piping and Instrumentation) dijagrama, koji grafički prikazuje sve cjevovode, instrumente i kontrolne uređaje unutar sustava. P&I dijagram omogućuje jasno razumijevanje funkcioniranja i interakcija unutar sustava, što je ključno za njegovu pravilnu instalaciju i održavanje. Uz to, izrađen je detaljan CAD model sustava koji vizualizira sve komponente i njihov raspored u prostoru. CAD model pruža precizan prikaz sustava, olakšava planiranje instalacije i omogućuje identifikaciju potencijalnih problema u dizajnu prije nego što se krene s izgradnjom sustava.The topic of this thesis is the design of a high-purity water preparation system that will produce a minimum of 30 L/h with a conductivity of less than 1 μS/cm. The system is intended for use in medical laboratories, where water quality requirements are extremely stringent. The water to be treated comes from the public water supply system, meaning the system must be capable of removing a wide range of contaminants, including dissolved salts, organic matter, microorganisms, and particles. In medical laboratories, pure water is essential for precise analysis, reagent preparation, washing laboratory equipment, and many other critical processes. Even the slightest impurities in the water can significantly affect test results and experiment reliability, making the achievement of high water purity levels crucial. The first part of the thesis explores the general characteristics of water, its chemical and physical properties, and the importance of water purity in various industries, with a special focus on medical laboratories. It analyzes the specific requirements that water must meet for laboratory use, including purity standards, chemical composition, and biological safety. Different water purification methods is also presented, along with detailed descriptions of their operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages. The second part of the thesis focuses on the technical aspect of system design. A detailed plant calculation is conducted here, including the sizing of key components such as pumps, membrane units, tanks, and filters. The calculation includes system capacity and water flow. Special attention is paid to the process optimization to ensure maximum efficiency and minimal operating costs while achieving a high level of water purity. The third part of the thesis involves the creation of a P&I (Piping and Instrumentation) diagram, which graphically depicts all pipelines, instruments, and control devices within the system. The P&I diagram enables a clear understanding of the system's functions and interactions, which is crucial for its proper installation and maintenance. Additionally, a detailed CAD model of the system is created, visualizing all components and their arrangement in space. The CAD model provides an accurate depiction of the system, facilitates installation planning, and allows for the identification of potential design issues before construction begins

Optimization of fragmentation conditions for alpelisib and deuterated abemaciclib in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

Rak dojke je najčešća zloćudna novotvorina u žena, a njegova prevalencija širom svijeta raste. Personalizirani pristup je bitan dio liječenja, stoga je važno razviti specifične analitičke metode za istraživanje lijekova. Alpelisib i abemaciklib su se pokazali učinkovitim lijekovima u liječenju hormonski ovisnog raka dojke. Oba djeluju na signalne puteve koji su važni za stanični rast i proliferaciju te posljedično, rast tumora. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio optimizirati uvjete fragmentacije alpelisiba i deuteriranog abemacikliba u trostrukim kvadrupolima dva različita spektrometra masa, Agilent Ultivo i Agilent 6470. Određene su optimalne vrijednosti fragmentorskih napona i kolizijskih energija, te je provedena identifikacija i kvantifikacija ključnih fragmenata specifičnih za ove spojeve. U Agilent Ultivo spektrometru masa uz pozitivnu ionizaciju elektroraspršenjem, alpelisib daje molekulski ion m/z vrijednosti 442,1 uz fragmetorski napon od 120 V. Nastaju fragmentni ioni m/z vrijednosti 328,0, 114,7, 288,0 i 273,1 uz kolizijske energije od 25, 15 45 i 60 eV. Deuterirani abemaciklib daje molekulski ion m/z vrijednosti 515,2 uz fragmentorski napon od 120 V. Nastaju fragmentni ioni m/z vrijednosti 176,8, 393,0 i 351,3 uz kolizijske energije od 105, 25 i 70 eV. U Agilent 6470 spektrometru masa uz pozitivnu ionizaciju elektroraspršenjem, alpelisib daje molekulski ion m/z vrijednosti 442,2, uz fragmentorski napon od 140 V. Nastaju fragmentni ioni m/z vrijednosti 328,1 115,0, 288,1, 273,0 i 129,0 uz kolizijske energije od 25, 15, 50, 60 i 105 eV. Deuterirani abemaciklib daje molekulski ion m/z vrijednosti 515,3 uz fragmentorski napon od 120 eV. Nastaju fragmentni ioni od 177,0, 393,1 i 244,9 uz kolizijske energije od 105, 25 i 75 eV. Provedena je analiza i uz negativnu ionizaciju elektroraspršenjem, gdje se ova metoda pokazala manje osjetljivom.Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women, and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. A personalized approach is a crucial part of treatment, making it important to develop specific analytical methods for drug research. Alpelisib and abemaciclib have proven to be effective drugs in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Both act on signaling pathways important for cell growth and proliferation, and consequently, tumor growth.The aim of this study was to optimize the fragmentation conditions for alpelisib and deuterated abemaciclib in triple quadrupoles of two different mass spectrometers, the Agilent Ultivo and Agilent 6470. Optimal values for fragmentor voltages and collision energies were determined, and identification and quantification of key fragments specific to these compounds were conducted.In the Agilent Ultivo mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization, alpelisib produces a molecular ion with an m/z value of 442,1 at a fragmentor voltage of 120 V. Fragment ions with m/z values of 328,0, 114,7, 288,0, and 273,1 are formed with collision energies of 25, 15, 45, and 60 eV, respectively. Deuterated abemaciclib produces a molecular ion with an m/z value of 515.2 at a fragmentor voltage of 120 V. Fragment ions with m/z values of 176,8, 393,0, and 351,3 are formed with collision energies of 105, 25, and 70 eV, respectively.In the Agilent 6470 mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization, alpelisib produces a molecular ion with an m/z value of 442,2 at a fragmentor voltage of 140 V. Fragment ions with m/z values of 328,1, 115,0, 288,1, 273,0 and 129,0 are formed with collision energies of 25, 15, 50, and 105 eV, respectively. Deuterated abemaciclib produces a molecular ion with an m/z value of 515,3 at a fragmentor voltage of 120 V. Fragment ions with m/z values of 177,0, 393,1, and 244,9 are formed with collision energies of 105, 25, and 75 eV, respectively. Analysis was also conducted using negative electrospray ionization, where this method proved to be less sensitive