Hvad är vårt lif då hälsan saknas? : Sjukdom och död i kvinnliga ståndspersoners korrespondens 1808–1852 i Finland

Under början av 1800-talet var medicinvetenskapen fortfarande en blandning av vetenskaplig medicin och folkmedicin. Effektiva mediciner och behandlingsmetoder saknades, och minsta åkomma kunde leda till följdsjukdomar som i sin tur ledde till döden. I denna kvalitativa studie behandlas kvinnliga ståndspersoners förhållande till och syn på sjukdom och död i Finland under början av 1800-talet, utifrån de tankar och beskrivningar som nämns i privata brev och dagböcker skrivna av dem själva samt andra personer i deras närhet. De kvinnor som undersöks här, Eva Mathilda Aminoff, Catarina Elisabet von Born, Minette von Haartman och Selma Augusta Europaeus genomled utöver olika sjukdomar dessutom flera graviditeter som slet hårt på deras hälsa. Åtminstone tre av dem dog därtill i någon form av lungsjukdom. För två av kvinnorna handlade det troligen om lungsot, vilket inte gick att bota vid den här tiden. I deras material framstår därmed sjukdom som ett huvudsakligt tema. Också tankarna på döden är närvarande i deras vardag på grund av deras svaga hälsa och flera dödsfall bland deras närmaste. Materialet visar att sjukdom och hälsa var starkt sammankopplade, och förhållningssättet till döden kan därmed ses som en del av förhållningssättet till sjukdom. Synen på döden måste ses som en påverkande faktor till hur dessa kvinnor förhöll sig till sina respektive sjukdomar. I medicinhistorien har början av 1800-talet ofta glömts bort och i stället överskuggats av slutet av seklet. Fokus i medicinhistorisk forskning ligger sällan heller på den sjuka och dennas vardag. Även forskning i dödens historia är än så länge begränsad, särskilt i ett nordiskt sammanhang. Mot bakgrund av tidigare forskning, med Karin Johannisson, Philippe Ariès och Angela Rundquist i spetsen analyseras i denna avhandling personligt arkivmaterial. Jag undersöker hur vardagen kunde se ut för fyra kvinnor som levde med en dödlig sjukdom samt deras tankar om och syn på döden som en konsekvens av sjukdom. Perspektivet är patientorienterat, och undersökningens fokus är upplevelser av sjukdom och död utan att vara psykologiserande. I stället tas här fasta på upplevelsernas yttre uttryck och de former som dessa tar i källmaterialet. I avhandlingen argumenterar jag för att upplevelser och beskrivningar av sjukdom och död är kulturbundna. Som fenomen i sig är de icke-värdeladdade, men däremot kan beskrivningarna och deras uttryck vara det. En av avhandlingens viktigaste slutsatser är att det förhållande som kvinnorna hade till sjukdom visar att sjukrollen för dem inte var en accepterad del av deras bild av tidens kvinnoideal. Detta motsäger den gängse bilden av den sysslolösa högreståndskvinnan vars sjukroll i tidigare forskning anses ha varit en del av 1800-talets kvinnoideal. Kvinnorna i denna studie lät sig inte styras av sin sjukdom, tvärtom, i konflikten mellan kvinno- och sjukrollen vann kvinnorollen, medan sjukrollen motades undan och ignorerades till förmån för de plikter som ingick i den roll som definierade kvinnorna som kvinnliga ståndspersoner.</p

ANALISIS KERJASAMA AKTOR-AKTOR NON PEMERINTAH DALAM PENINGKATAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA SEBAGAI INDIKATOR KEBERHASILAN PEMBANGUNAN PENDIDIKAN

The article describes the cooperation of non-governmental actors conducted by Christian High School 1 Salatiga and the Institute of Chinese Language Course "Sha Hua" by OCA (Overseas Chinese Affairs). This article is the beginning of a process of cooperation to the success achieved from the cooperation between Christian High School 1 Salatiga and the Institute of Chinese Language Course "Sha Hua" With OCA (Overseas Chinese Affairs) in the improvement of human resources as development indicators by displaying a different dimension. This article also describes the cooperation Christian High School 1 Salatiga and the Institute for Language Course Mandarin "Sha Hua" which embodies the development of education through scholarships, cooperation model performed by actors non-government (in this case Christian High School 1 Salatiga and the Institute for Language Course Mandarin "Sha Hua") to the role of education to national development. Perspective theory used to analyze the cooperation of non-governmental actors is the theory of globalization, international cooperation theory and the theory of social capital (social capital). The method used was a case study (case study). From the data analysis found that: First, cooperation between non-governmental actors is made up of trust fosters a strong commitment to the same goal, and it allows the understanding that has been formed is not easy to be stopped just because of interrelated to one another; Secondly, the State is a partner cooperation between non-governmental actors become the most important thing to consider in a partnership; and Third, education is very important role in human development

Rapid temperature responses of photosystem II efficiency forecast genotypic variation in rice vegetative heat tolerance

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to the University of Nottingham glasshouse staff for their assistance with general plant maintenance. We thank Laura Briers for supplying the photograph used in Figure 1. This article benefited substantially from the critical insight of Dr Alex Burgess. JNF is supported by the Palaeobenchmarking Resilient Agriculture Systems (PalaeoRAS) project funded by the Future Food Beacon of the University of Nottingham. EHM receives funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, grant no. BB/R004633/1). KES is supported by a University of Nottingham–BBSRC Doctoral Training Partnership studentship.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

The Hamiltonian limit of (3+1)D SU(3) lattice gauge theory on anisotropic lattices

The extreme anisotropic limit of Euclidean SU(3) lattice gauge theory is examined to extract the Hamiltonian limit, using standard path integral Monte Carlo (PIMC) methods. We examine the mean plaquette and string tension and compare them to results obtained within the Hamiltonian framework of Kogut and Susskind. The results are a significant improvement upon previous Hamiltonian estimates, despite the extrapolation procedure necessary to extract observables. We conclude that the PIMC method is a reliable method of obtaining results for the Hamiltonian version of the theory. Our results also clearly demonstrate the universality between the Hamiltonian and Euclidean formulations of lattice gauge theory. It is particularly important to take into account the renormalization of both the anisotropy, and the Euclidean coupling $\beta_E$, in obtaining these results.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figure

S-Matrix Unitarity, Impact Parameter Profiles, Gluon Saturation and High-Energy Scattering

A model combining perturbative and non-perturbative QCD is developed to compute high-energy reactions of hadrons and photons and to investigate saturation effects that manifest the S-matrix unitarity. Following a functional integral approach, the S-matrix factorizes into light-cone wave functions and the universal amplitude for the scattering of two color-dipoles which are represented by Wegner-Wilson loops. In the framework of the non-perturbative stochastic vacuum model of QCD supplemented by perturbative gluon exchange, the loop-loop correlation is calculated and related to lattice QCD investigations. With a universal energy dependence motivated by the two-pomeron (soft + hard) picture that respects the unitarity condition in impact parameter space, a unified description of pp, pip, Kp, gamma* p, and gamma gamma reactions is achieved in good agreement with experimental data for cross sections, slope parameters, and structure functions. Impact parameter profiles for pp and longitudinal gamma* p reactions and the gluon distribution of the proton xG(x,Q^2,b) are calculated and found to saturate in accordance with S-matrix unitarity. The c.m. energies and Bjorken x at which saturation sets in are determined.Comment: 65 pages with 13 figures, Introduction, Sec. 3, and Conclusion extende

Magnetic fields in supernova remnants and pulsar-wind nebulae

We review the observations of supernova remnants (SNRs) and pulsar-wind nebulae (PWNe) that give information on the strength and orientation of magnetic fields. Radio polarimetry gives the degree of order of magnetic fields, and the orientation of the ordered component. Many young shell supernova remnants show evidence for synchrotron X-ray emission. The spatial analysis of this emission suggests that magnetic fields are amplified by one to two orders of magnitude in strong shocks. Detection of several remnants in TeV gamma rays implies a lower limit on the magnetic-field strength (or a measurement, if the emission process is inverse-Compton upscattering of cosmic microwave background photons). Upper limits to GeV emission similarly provide lower limits on magnetic-field strengths. In the historical shell remnants, lower limits on B range from 25 to 1000 microGauss. Two remnants show variability of synchrotron X-ray emission with a timescale of years. If this timescale is the electron-acceleration or radiative loss timescale, magnetic fields of order 1 mG are also implied. In pulsar-wind nebulae, equipartition arguments and dynamical modeling can be used to infer magnetic-field strengths anywhere from about 5 microGauss to 1 mG. Polarized fractions are considerably higher than in SNRs, ranging to 50 or 60% in some cases; magnetic-field geometries often suggest a toroidal structure around the pulsar, but this is not universal. Viewing-angle effects undoubtedly play a role. MHD models of radio emission in shell SNRs show that different orientations of upstream magnetic field, and different assumptions about electron acceleration, predict different radio morphology. In the remnant of SN 1006, such comparisons imply a magnetic-field orientation connecting the bright limbs, with a non-negligible gradient of its strength across the remnant.Comment: 20 pages, 24 figures; to be published in SpSciRev. Minor wording change in Abstrac

Shrinking a large dataset to identify variables associated with increased risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection in Western Kenya

Large datasets are often not amenable to analysis using traditional single-step approaches. Here, our general objective was to apply imputation techniques, principal component analysis (PCA), elastic net and generalized linear models to a large dataset in a systematic approach to extract the most meaningful predictors for a health outcome. We extracted predictors for Plasmodium falciparum infection, from a large covariate dataset while facing limited numbers of observations, using data from the People, Animals, and their Zoonoses (PAZ) project to demonstrate these techniques: data collected from 415 homesteads in western Kenya, contained over 1500 variables that describe the health, environment, and social factors of the humans, livestock, and the homesteads in which they reside. The wide, sparse dataset was simplified to 42 predictors of P. falciparum malaria infection and wealth rankings were produced for all homesteads. The 42 predictors make biological sense and are supported by previous studies. This systematic data-mining approach we used would make many large datasets more manageable and informative for decision-making processes and health policy prioritization

Global Search for New Physics with 2.0/fb at CDF

Data collected in Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron are searched for indications of new electroweak-scale physics. Rather than focusing on particular new physics scenarios, CDF data are analyzed for discrepancies with the standard model prediction. A model-independent approach (Vista) considers gross features of the data, and is sensitive to new large cross-section physics. Further sensitivity to new physics is provided by two additional algorithms: a Bump Hunter searches invariant mass distributions for "bumps" that could indicate resonant production of new particles; and the Sleuth procedure scans for data excesses at large summed transverse momentum. This combined global search for new physics in 2.0/fb of ppbar collisions at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV reveals no indication of physics beyond the standard model.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures. Final version which appeared in Physical Review D Rapid Communication