Energy and Q^2 dependence of elastic vectormeson production and the proton structure function F_2

In the framework of the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum elastic hadron-hadron scattering, photo- and electroproduction of vectormesons and also F_2(Q^2) can be well described at center of mass energy approximately 20 GeV. The scattering amplitude is derived by smearing the color dipole-dipole scattering, which is calculated nonperturbatively in the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum, with appropriate wavefunctions. For the considered processes the dipoles have extensions in the range of hadron sizes. We now extend this idea to small dipoles and high energies. The energy dependence is modeled in a phenomenological way: we assume that there a two pomerons, the soft- and the hard-pomeron, each being a simple pole in the complex angular plane. We couple dipoles of hadronic size to the soft-pomeron and small dipoles to the hard-pomeron. For small dipoles we take the perturbative gluon exchange into account. By that way we obtain an energy dependent dipole-dipole scattering amplitude which can be used for all the processes with the same parameters. We show that this approach can describe in addition to all the low energy results (20 GeV) also the HERA data for the considered processes in a large energy and Q^2 range. Especially the right transition from the soft to the hard behavior is observed.Comment: 28 pages, LaTex2e, uses graphicx package for eps-figure

Description of elastic vectormeson production and F_2 by two pomerons

Using the Model of the Stochastic Vacuum many diffractive processes have been calculated by investigating the dipole-dipole scattering at a cm-energy of 20 GeV. In this work we extend the calculation to larger energies and small dipoles. We assume that there are two pomerons, the hard- and the soft-pomeron, which cause the different energy dependence for processes dominated by small or large dipoles. The physical processes are obtained by smearing the dipole-dipole amplitude with wavefunctions. For small dipoles the leading perturbative contribution is taken into account. By that way we can describe in addition to the already calculated low energy results (20 GeV) also the HERA data for the considered processes in nearly the whole energy and Q^2 range.Comment: LaTeX2e, 4pp, espcrc2mod.sty (appended, espcrc2 with corrected error), graphicx.sty, 17 eps-figures. Talk presented at QCD98, Montpellier, France (Nucl.Phys.B Proc.Suppl.

Psychological tools for knowledge acquisition

Knowledge acquisition is said to be the biggest bottleneck in the development of expert systems. The problem is getting the knowledge out of the expert's head and into a computer. In cognitive psychology, characterizing metal structures and why experts are good at what they do is an important research area. Is there some way that the tools that psychologists have developed to uncover mental structure can be used to benefit knowledge engineers? We think that the way to find out is to browse through the psychologist's toolbox to see what there is in it that might be of use to knowledge engineers. Expert system developers have relied on two standard methods for extracting knowledge from the expert: (1) the knowledge engineer engages in an intense bout of interviews with the expert or experts, or (2) the knowledge engineer becomes an expert himself, relying on introspection to uncover the basis of his own expertise. Unfortunately, these techniques have the difficulty that often the expert himself isn't consciously aware of the basis of his expertise. If the expert himself isn't conscious of how he solves problems, introspection is useless. Cognitive psychology has faced similar problems for many years and has developed exploratory methods that can be used to discover cognitive structure from simple data

How Can Neuroimaging Inform Our Treatment of Reading Disorders in Children With Learning Disabilities?

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts Special Education degree at the University of Alaska SoutheastNeuroimaging technology in the last two decades has allowed a direct 3 dimensional view of the processing activity in an individual’s brain while completing a particular cognitive task enabling the characterization of functional brain areas and typical processing pathways. This meta-synthesis examines current studies of the neuroimaging of reading in both typical proficient readers, and individuals with developmental dyslexia and examines how these studies can inform our treatment of reading disorders. Functional Imaging studies with fMRI, DTI, MEG, and EEG techniques have documented that the brains of individuals with dyslexia have distinct physical differences and an atypical processing of reading tasks when compared to their normal reading peers. These differences in both form and function can be determined in young pre-reading age children, enabling the early identification (with 90% accuracy) of individuals that will later struggle with the disability. Researchers in the field indicate that DD is an evolving progressive disorder beginning with a distinct phonological disorder and evolves into semantic word recognition disorder as the child ages. The underlying causes for DD that are being currently advocated are a Magnocellular/vision deficit, a cerebellar deficit, and/or a phonological deficit. Studies indicate that more than one of these deficits may be contributing factors, however 90% of individuals presenting with the DD have a phonological deficit as a major contributor making this the target area of most early interventions. Many studies have contrasted the functional scans of DD readers before, and after phonological interventions in an attempt to characterize a neuro-plastic change resulting from the intervention. These contrast studies indicate that many individuals with dyslexia will normalize their atypical processing of written information to appear to process written text much like their proficient reading peers. However, there are still many individuals with dyslexia who do not respond to interventions with normalization, but instead compensate for their atypical processing of written text by recruiting disparate areas in the brain to accomplish the same task. These researchers’ results indicate central challenge of developing interventions guided by the neurology. These interventions should target activation of a given brain system identified to be the source of the deficit in an individual’s Dyslexia with the intent to induce a neuro plastic, normalizing change in brain

Finite-state description, developing mental awareness

In this article, we approach finite-state description practices that must be instilled in the developer. Thoughts are presented accompanied by reference to concrete experiences with different languages and their description. We contend that finite-state description of languages leads to development in the describer-developer. This presupposes regular interaction with developers of upstream and downstream technologies. And as more languages are described, the developer learns what to choose as a starting point, hopefully with the help of a researcher, research documentation or native speaker well versed in the workings of the language. We maintain that finite-state work should serve more than one purpose or audience, and that, as linguists, we should be raising the bar by applying the knowledge of research to description, so that our understanding of the linguistic phenomena can be attested by others or proven false. We are providing a methodology for repeatable experimentation and rule making. We see that each language provides something unique, while sharing some recognizable features with other languages. We stress the necessity to avoid generating characters from epsilons and offer examples where it is possible to write rules that reduce characters to epsilons instead. We also stress the need to describe the predictable infinite set of all native phenomena, whereas the unknown and random qualities introduced through language contact cannot form a foundation for our descriptions. Finally, we call for a playful approach to phenomena in a language, because that might bring us closer to how a child would learn the language – through repetition, mistakes and self-correction.Peer reviewe

Modeling of Incident Radiation on a Solar Collector at Different Tilt Angles

A model was developed to predict the amount of solar radiation incident on a solar collector’s surface. A Python based model tracked the sun’s location and determined how much energy would strike a surface at any orientation. As a demonstration several fixed tilt angles and a tracking case were simulated for Schenectady, NY. Results followed the expected trends. Future goals for the model are to confirm its results numerically with experimental data and use it to determine optimal arrangements for bifacial solar collectors.https://digitalworks.union.edu/srps_2020/1009/thumbnail.jp

The Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary as a threshold to the era of language technological applications

This article outlines the multiple use of electronic source materials from the Livonian-Estonian-Latvian Dictionary of 2012 in a “Kone Foundation” funded project for developing finite-state morphological parsers. It provides an introduction to the project, the language-independent Giellatekno infrastructure at Tromsø, Norway, and the materials utilized in the electronic manuscript of the dictionary. The introduction is followed by an extensive description of what has been developed on the Giellatekno infrastructure with explicit indications of where parallel projects might be initiated.Kokkuvõte. Jack Rueter: Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamat lävepakuna keeletehnoloogiliste rakenduste ajastusse. Artikkel annab ülevaate elektroonilise lähtematerjali “Liivi-eesti-läti sõnaraamat 2012” mitmekülgsest kasutamisest Kone fondi rahastatud projektis morfoloogiliste analüsaatorite arendamiseks. Artikli sissejuhatav osa esitab sissevaate projekti ning Tromsøs loodud keelest sõltumatusse Giellatekno taristusse; tutvustatakse ka sõnastiku elektroonilises käsikirjas kasutatud materjale. Seejärel kirjeldatakse Giellatekno tarkvara arendusega loodud võimalusi ning tuuakse näiteid sellest, kuidas saab sarnaseid projekte algatada.Märksõnad: liivi keel, uurali keeled, Kone keeleprogramm, avatud lähtekood, keelest sõltumatu infrastruktuur, HFST, Giellatekno, morfoloogiline analüsaator, õigekirjakontroll, “Morphology-savvy” veebisõnastik, arvutipõhine keeleõpeKubbõvõttõks. Jack Rueter: Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõz nemē kīeltehnolōgilizt kȭlbatimizt āiga kīndõks. Kēra āndab iļļõvaņtļimiz iļ “Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārǭntõ” amāpūoļiz kȭlbatõmiz, laz kazāntõg loptõb morfolōgiliži analīzijidi. Sīe projektrǭ āndaji um Kone fond. Kēra klīerõb īžpīlijizt Giellatekno infrastruktūrõ, mis um lūodõd Tromsøs Norvēgjis, ja sõnārǭntõ elektrōnilizõs kädkēras kȭlbatõd materiālidi. Nei īž kēra nīžõb iļ võimizt, mis tarmõb Giellatekno lūodõd programvīļa ja nägțõb, kui tämvītliži projektidi võib irgtõ