45 research outputs found
Svensk DagfjÀrilsövervakning, Ärsrapport för 2017
Detta Àr den Ättonde Ärsrapporten frÄn Svensk DagfjÀrilsövervakning, ett nationellt miljö-övervakningsprogram som koordineras av Lunds universitet pÄ uppdrag av NaturvÄrdsverket sedan 2010. Svensk DagfjÀrilsövervakning Àr ett samarbete mellan Sveriges Entomologiska Förening, NaturvÄrdsverket, Lunds universitet, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet och LÀnsstyrelserna. Verksamheten möjliggörs av frivilliga landet runt som mellan den 1 april och 30 september rÀknar fjÀrilar. RÀkningen sker med en gemensam, systematisk metodik och fördelas pÄ 3-7 inventeringstillfÀllen under sÀsongen. Det finns tvÄ olika sÀtt att övervaka, dels punktlokaler som Àr omrÄden med 25 m radie som bevakas i 15 min per besök, dels slingor som Àr 0,5-3 km lÄnga rutter som man inventerar i lugn promenadtakt. Genom att övervakningen upprepas inom sÀsongen och över flera Är Àr det möjligt att skatta hur fjÀrilsfaunan förÀndras i antal och artsammansÀttning. Det Ättonde Ärets övervakning har resulterat i rapporter frÄn 192 slingor och 286 punktlokaler. Slingorna och punkterna Àr spridda över hela landet, frÄn Beddingestrand i söder till Vuollerim i norr. Antalet rapportörer under 2017 har varit 283 och Svensk DagfjÀrilsövervakning har rÀknat in 64 322 fjÀrilar av 93 arter. I medeltal har det setts 10,7 arter per punktlokal och 16,1 arter per slinga. För varje funnen fjÀrilsart redovisar rapporten 2017 Ärs observationer som ett totalantal, en utbredningskarta och figur över de veckor dÄ arten pÄtrÀffats. Talrikaste arterna 2017 var i tur och ordning luktgrÀsfjÀril, citronfjÀril och slÄttergrÀsfjÀril. Trender i antal mellan 2010 och 2017 har skattats med hjÀlp av analysverktyget TRIM för 86 dagfjÀrils- och bastardsvÀrmararter. Av dessa minskade 19 arter jÀmfört med 2010, 15 arter ökade, 8 arter var stabila, medan övriga arter varierade sÄ pass mycket att trenderna Àr osÀkra. SammanvÀgda index, sÄ kallade miljöindikatorer har rÀknats fram för 1) de tolv arter som ingÄr i den europeiska miljöindikatorn för grÀsmarksfjÀrilar, 2) de tjugo vanligaste fjÀrilsarterna, 3) fjÀrilar i jordbruksmiljöer, samt 4) fjÀrilar i skogsmarker. Miljöindikatorerna för grÀsmarksfjÀrilar och skogsfjÀrilar Àr stabila under perioden 2010-2017. Trenderna för miljöindikatorerna för de 20 vanligaste dagfjÀrilarna och fjÀrilar i jordbruksmiljöer Àr att dessa grupper minskar mÄttligt men signifikant under perioden
Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants
© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups
Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe
Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c
Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose
diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117
population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of
diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected
as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed
prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously
diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa.
The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and
detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66%
in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised
proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39%
across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and
middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated
FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and
underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite
resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and
surveillance.peer-reviewe
Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants
Background
Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories.
Methods
We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30â79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.
Findings
The number of people aged 30â79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306â359) million women and 317 (292â344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584â668) million women and 652 (604â698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55â62) of women and 49% (46â52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43â51) of women and 38% (35â41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20â27) for women and 18% (16â21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran.
Interpretation
Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions
Heating of newly built one-family houses - with solar panels and pellet
Boverket har frĂ„n och med januari 2010 skĂ€rpt energikraven vid nybyggnation. De nya kraven har tillsammans med stigande energipriser och ett ökat miljömedvetande i samhĂ€llet, satt fokus pĂ„ att bygga tĂ€ta och vĂ€lisolerade hus. Detta beskrivs i arbetets inledning. Samtidigt bör husets uppvĂ€rmning och ventilation vara energieffektiv och förnybara energikĂ€llor anvĂ€ndas, som solenergi och biobrĂ€nslen. Syftet med rapporten Ă€r att analysera om solfĂ„ngare i kombination med en pelletspanna eller -kamin Ă€r ett bra alternativ för uppvĂ€rmning av nybyggda villor frĂ„n VĂ€rsĂ„sVillan AB. I rapporten diskuteras detta ur ett miljö-, drifts- och ekonomiskt perspektiv. SolfĂ„ngare levererar gratis vĂ€rme utan miljöpĂ„verkan under drift. Mina berĂ€kningar visar att de kan tĂ€cka 30 % av uppvĂ€rmningsbehovet i ett lĂ„genergihus. Med stigande energipriser lönar sig solfĂ„ngare i lĂ€ngden. Pellets Ă€r ett förĂ€dlat biobrĂ€nsle med högt energivĂ€rde, som med modern utrustning bör betraktas som ett klimatsmart alternativ för smĂ„skalig uppvĂ€rmning. SolfĂ„ngare och pellets Ă€r en bra kombination bĂ„de miljö- och driftmĂ€ssigt. Under sommarhalvĂ„ret svarar solfĂ„ngarna för ca 90 % av uppvĂ€rmningen, vilket innebĂ€r att pannan eller kaminen stĂ€ngs av. Under vinterhalvĂ„ret blir pelletseldningen effektivare, vilket ger en renare förbrĂ€nning Ă€n under sommaren. Som bas i ett sol-pelletssystem anvĂ€nds en 300-750 liters tekniktank, med en elpatron som reserv. Detta ger ett flexibelt system, dĂ€r gratisenergin frĂ„n solfĂ„ngarna utnyttjas i första hand. Ăven under vĂ„r- och höstmĂ„naderna kan vĂ€rmetillskottet frĂ„n solfĂ„ngarna bli relativt stort. Fyra av VĂ€rsĂ„sVillans kataloghus valdes till en studie. Husens energianvĂ€ndning med ett sol-pelletssystem, respektive nya frĂ„nluftsvĂ€rmepumpen Nibe F750, har berĂ€knats och jĂ€mförts. Eftersom nybyggda hus i regel inte har nĂ„got pannrum Ă€r en vattenmantlad kamin ett bra alternativ. Efter pĂ„fyllning fungerar den helautomatiskt som en panna, samtidigt som den skapar en trivsam inomhusmiljö. BerĂ€kningarna visar att de studerade husen uppfyller energikraven (BBR) med god marginal om de vĂ€rms med ett sol-pelletssystem. Om en ventilationsvĂ€rmevĂ€xlare installeras sĂ€nks behovet av köpt energi med 20-30 kWh/mÂČ och Ă„r. Slutsatsen Ă€r att ett flexibelt uppvĂ€rmningssystem och ett effektivt ventilationssystem ger en energisnĂ„l och miljövĂ€nlig totallösning, bĂ„de idag och med tanke pĂ„ framtidens osĂ€kra energipriser. SolfĂ„ngare och en vattenmantlad kamin Ă€r tillsammans med en ventilationsvĂ€rmevĂ€xlare dĂ€rför en intressant lösning i lĂ„genergihus, framförallt pĂ„ landsbygden. I tĂ€tbebyggda omrĂ„den Ă€r fjĂ€rrvĂ€rme och solfĂ„ngare ett lika bra uppvĂ€rmningsalternativ. Sol-pelletssystem kan i dagslĂ€get inte konkurrera med frĂ„nluftsvĂ€rmepumpen ekonomiskt. Investeringskostnaden Ă€r betydligt högre, medan driftskostnaderna blir likvĂ€rdiga. Samtidigt Ă€r frĂ„nluftsvĂ€rmepumpen ett bekvĂ€mare alternativ, vilket gör den till ett attraktivt val för uppvĂ€rmning av nybyggda villor.From January 2010, the National Housing Board has tightened the energy requirements to new buildings in Sweden. The new requirements have together with rising energy prices and an increased environmental awareness in the community, put focus on building tight and well-insulated houses. This is described in the reportâs introduction. At the same time heating and ventilation need to be energy efficient and renewable energy sources ought to be used, as solar energy and bio-fuels. The aim of the report is to analyse if solar panels and pellet is a good combination to heat newly built one-family houses from VĂ€rsĂ„sVillan AB. The report discusses this from an environmental, operational and economic perspective. Solar panels produce free heat without environmental impact during operation. The calculations show that they can cover 30 % of the heating needs in a low energy house. With rising energy prices, solar panels are profitable in the long run. Pellet is a processed bio-fuel with a high energy content, as with modern equipment is considered as a climate-smart option for small-scale heating. Solar panels and pellet is a good combination, both environmentally and operationally. During the summer half, the solar panels answers for 90 % of the heating needs, which means that a boiler or stove during this time is not in use. In the winter pellet heating becomes more efficient, resulting in less emissions than in summer. The base in a solar-pellet system is a technique tank at 300-750 litres, with an electric heater as backup. This provides a flexible system, using the free energy from the solar panels at first. Even during spring and autumn, solar panels can give a relative large contribution of heat. Four of VĂ€rsĂ„sVillanâs houses were selected to a study. The housesâ energy use with a solar-pellet system and a new exhaust air heat pump, Nibe F750, has been calculated and compared. As new houses usually do not have a boiler room, a water-jacketed stove is a good solution. After loading with pellet, it works fully automatic as a boiler, while creating a pleasant indoor environment. The calculations show that the studied houses will meet the energy requirements (in BBR) with a good margin, when they are heated with a solar-pellet system. If a ventilation heat exchanger also is installed, the need for purchased energy is reduced with 20-30 kWh/mÂČ and year. The conclusion is that a flexible heating system and an efficient ventilation system provides an energy efficient and environmentally friendly total solution, both today and in view of future uncertain energy prices. Solar panels and a water-jacketed stove is together with a ventilation heat exchanger, therefore an interesting solution for low energy houses, especially in rural areas. In urban areas, district heating and solar panels is an equally good alternative. Today, a solar-pellet system cannot compete economically with the exhaust air heat pump. The investment cost is considerably higher, while the operating costs will be equivalent. The exhaust air heat pump is also a more comfortable alternative, which makes it to an attractive choice for heating of newly built one-family houses
Minutjakten : En kvalitativ studie om hemtjÀnstpersonal och deras erfarenheter av planeringsverktyget TES
ĂldrevĂ„rden i Sverige har under de senaste decennierna genomgĂ„tt en rad organisatoriska förĂ€ndringar, bland annat genom införandet av New Public Management (NPM). NPM innebĂ€r mer fokus pĂ„ ekonomisk effektivitet och stĂ€ller dĂ€rför nya krav pĂ„ mĂ€tbarhet och operationalisering. I ett försök att möta dessa krav och öka effektiviteten inom hemtjĂ€nsten har systemet TES implementerats. TES Ă€r ett planeringsverktyg som registrerar alla besök hos kunder samt planerar dagliga insatser utifrĂ„n tid och resurser. Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att undersöka och fĂ„ en förstĂ„else för hemtjĂ€nstpersonalens beskrivningar av det tidsstyrande planeringsverktyget TES. Uttryckt mer teoretiskt Ă€r vĂ„rt syfte att undersöka om TES kan förstĂ„s som en form av disciplinering och övervakning av hemtjĂ€nstpersonalen. Det empiriska material som ligger till grund för studien skapades genom en kvalitativ undersökning i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. I studien deltog Ă„tta respondenter frĂ„n fyra olika hemtjĂ€nstenheter i Uppsala kommun. Foucaults teorier om makt och maktskapande mekanismer anvĂ€nds vid analysen av materialet för att nĂ€rmare undersöka TES roll i hemtjĂ€nsten utifrĂ„n ett maktperspektiv. Respondenterna beskriver TES pĂ„ ett sĂ€tt som gör att verktyget genom Foucaults teorier gĂ„r att tolka som en maktutövande instrument med syfte att disciplinera personalen och effektivisera verksamheten. Respondenterna upplever att arbetet med TES och den hĂ„rda tidspress som verktyget medför skapar stress och har en negativ inverkan pĂ„ de sociala relationerna pĂ„ arbetsplatsen och Ă€ven pĂ„ kvaliteten pĂ„ kundomsorgen. Vidare gĂ„r det i deras beskrivningar att utlĂ€sa att TES kan pĂ„verka maktstrukturerna och förstĂ€rka hierarkin inom hemtjĂ€nsten. Verktyget beskrivs Ă€ven bidra till att personalen kĂ€nner sig övervakad och kontrollerad. Flera av de intervjuade medger ocksĂ„ att TES medför ett antal positiva effekter, bland annat att det ger mer struktur Ă„t arbetet. Det framkommer dock i resultatet att de negativa aspekterna vĂ€ger över och att systemet överlag verkar bidra till en försĂ€mrad arbetsmiljö