The dynamics of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Paranaguá estuarine system, Southern Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica fluorescente (FMOD) no Complexo Estuarino de Paranaguá (CEP) para inferir sobre a contribuição da FMOD alóctone nas águas estuarinas em relação à condição de maré e estações do ano (seca e chuvosa). Empregou-se a técnica de espectroscopia de fluorescência, através da utilização de dois comprimentos de onda de excitação, os quais correspondem a duas classes conhecidas de fluoróforos, λex 350 nm e λex 450 nm, para desta forma determinar o comprimento de onda de máxima emissão (λem) da fluorescência da MOD. Relações entre λem e variáveis ambientais e a relevância das relações nas diferentes condições de maré (sizígia e quadratura) e estações do ano (seca e chuvosa) foram identificadas com o uso de análise de componentes principais. Os resultados demonstraram que a primeira classe de fluoróforos (λex 350 nm) foi alterada durante a transição rio estuário, enquanto a segunda classe (λex 450 nm) apresentou um comportamento mais conservativo. A contribuição da MOD alóctone no estuário foi intensificada durante a estação chuvosa, especialmente durante as marés de sizígia, enquanto na estação seca a MOD autóctone é preponderante na composição da MOD total no CEP. Conclui-se que a variação nos λem da primeira classe de fluoróforos (λex 350 nm) é principalmente relacionada à contribuição alóctone, enquanto as diferenças nos λem da segunda classe (λex 450 nm) estão relacionadas com as flutuações nas contribuições das diferentes fontes de MOD no CEP.The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in Paranaguá Estuarine System (PES) as to infer about the contribution of allochthonous FDOM to the estuarine waters in relation to tidal condition and seasons. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used for such purpose and DOM characterization through fluorescence emission was performed using excitation wavelengths of λex 350 nm and λex 450 nm, the two main fluorescence groups known to be present in natural DOM. Relations between emission wavelength (λem) and environmental variables, and the relevance of these variables to the different tides and seasons were identified by principal component analysis. The results showed that the first class of fluorophores (λex 350 nm) changed from the river (freshwater) towards the estuary, whilst the second class (λex 450 nm) has a more conservative nature and does not change as significantly as the first. Allochthonous DOM contribution to the estuarine system is intensified during the rainy season, especially in spring tides, whereas in the dry season the ratio of autochthonous DOM to total DOM in PES waters increased. We concluded that the variation of maximum λem of the first class of fluorophores (λex 350 nm) is mainly related to allochthonous contribution, whilst the maximum of emission for the second class of fluorophores (λex 450 nm) is dependent on the contribution of the different sources of organic matter (freshwater and marine water DOM contribution)

The dynamics of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Paranaguá estuarine system, Southern Brazil

The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamics of the fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in Paranagua Estuarine System (PES) as to infer about the contribution of allochthonous FDOM to the estuarine waters in relation to tidal condition and seasons. Fluorescence spectroscopy was used for such purpose and DOM characterization through fluorescence emission was performed using excitation wavelengths of lambda ex 350 nm and lambda ex 450 nm, the two main fluorescence groups known to be present in natural DOM. Relations between emission wavelength (lambda em) and environmental variables, and the relevance of these variables to the different tides and seasons were identified by principal component analysis. The results showed that the first class of fluorophores (lambda ex 350 nm) changed from the river (freshwater) towards the estuary, whilst the second class (lambda ex 450 nm) has a more conservative nature and does not change as significantly as the first. Allochthonous DOM contribution to the estuarine system is intensified during the rainy season, especially in spring tides, whereas in the dry season the ratio of autochthonous DOM to total DOM in PES waters increased. We concluded that the variation of maximum lambda em of the first class of fluorophores (lambda ex 350 nm) is mainly related to allochthonous contribution, whilst the maximum of emission for the second class of fluorophores (lambda ex 450 nm) is dependent on the contribution of the different sources of organic matter (freshwater and marine water DOM contribution).Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Fed Parana, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Conservacao, Setor Ciencias Biol, BR-81531980 Curitiba, Parana, BrazilUniv Santa Cecilia, Dept Ecotoxicol, BR-11045907 Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, BR-11060000 Santos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Bot, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Parana, Ctr Estudos Mar, BR-83255971 Pontal Do Parana, PR, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, BR-11060000 Santos, SP, BrazilCNPq: 472509/2006-3CNPq: 314361/2009-0Web of Scienc

EFEITO DAS TÉCNICAS TRANSCERVICAL E LAPAROSCÓPICA SOBRE A TAXA DE PRENHEZ DE OVELHAS INSEMINADAS EM TEMPO-FIXO

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito das técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica sobre a taxa de prenhez de ovelhas inseminadas em tempo-fixo. A taxa de prenhez para as técnicas transcervical e laparoscópica foi de 40% (p>0.05). Quanto ao local de deposição do sêmen na inseminação artificial (IA) transcervical, não houve diferença na taxa de prenhez (p>0.05), com taxas de 25.0% na cervical superficial, 43.7% cervical médio, 41.7% cervical profundo e 50.0% intra-uterino. Estes resultados demonstram que a IA transcervical apresenta resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o uso de laparoscopia, quando estas técnicas são realizadas em tempo-fixo. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cérvix, intrauterino, sêmen congelado, tracionament

Metals impact into the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (Brazil) during the exceptional flood of 2011

Abstract Particulate and dissolved metal concentrations were determined after the largest flood in the last 30 years on the east-west axis of the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (PEC) and compared to the those of the dry period at two stations. Results confirmed that the flood greatly affected riverine outflows and the behavior of metals in the PEC. In particular, a sharp decrease in salinity was followed by extremely high SPM concentrations leading to a decrease in DO concentrations at both stations. For the dissolved phase, ANOSIM analysis showed a significant dissimilarity at each station between the sampled periods, whereas for the particulate phase this dissimilarity was found only for the samplings taken at the Antonina Station. KD values suggested dissolved Cu behavior was related to the presence of organic complexes and dissolved Mn had sediment resuspension of redox sediments and or/pore water injection as sources. Metal concentrations were lower than in polluted estuaries, though high enrichment factors found after the flood pointed to the influence of anthropogenic sources. In conclusion, the flood's influence was more evident at the Antonina Station, due to its location in the upper estuary, whereas in Paranaguá a high SPM content with low metal concentration was found, following the common pattern generally found in other marine systems subject to heavy rainfall events

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks