A crucialidade dos condicionantes internos: o desenvolvimento comparado das colônias temperadas inglesas entre 1850 e 1930

Fundamentado numa retomada histórico-analítica da trajetória socioeconômica da Austrália, do Canadá e da Argentina, o presente trabalho investiga por que tais países - que possuíam em comum o fato de serem colônias temperadas inglesas -, mesmo partindo de condições aparentemente muito semelhantes, atingiram resultados econômicos e sociais tão distintos. Apesar de partirem da noção das relações de poder características do Sistema Mundial naquele período, as autoras atribuem papel crucial aos condicionantes internos para a escolha da estratégia de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômicos e defendem que somente a partir de uma combinação analítica dos fatores externos e internos, bem como de suas interações, é possível entender por que determinadas estratégias foram adotadas.Based on an historical-analytical review of the social-economic path of Australia, Canada and Argentina, this paper investigates why such countries - that had in common the fact of being British temperate colonies - in spite of starting from apparently very similar conditions, they reached distinct economic and social results. Although the authors do not ignore the typical power relations of the World System at that time, they attribute crucial role to the internal features of these countries in their choices of growth and development strategies. The authors support that only from an analytical combination of the internal and external features, such as their interactions, it is possible to understand why particular strategies were taken

Outra Vez a Crucialidade dos Condicionantes Internos: O Contraste das Trajetórias de Desenvolvimento Econômico de Brasil, Argentina e Canadá entre 1850 e 1930

Fundamentado numa retomada histórico-analítica da trajetória sócio-econômica do Canadá, da Argentina e do Brasil, o presente trabalho pretende traçar um nexo explicativo entre as diferenças das trajetórias de desenvolvimento destes países. A análise possui duas contraposições fundamentais. Primeiramente, confrontando a Argentina e o Canadá, investiga-se porque tais países – que possuíam em comum o fato de serem colônias temperadas inglesas (sendo a Argentina uma colônia informal) –, mesmo partindo de condições aparentemente muito semelhantes, atingiram resultados econômicos e sociais tão distintos. Em seguida, a análise estende-se para a comparação entre o Brasil e a Argentina, que, antagonicamente, partiram de condições estruturais diferentes mas culminaram em uma trajetória de crescimento semelhante. Apesar das autoras se basearem na noção das relações de poder características do Sistema Mundial naquele período, atribuem papel crucial aos condicionantes internos para a escolha da estratégia de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômicos e defendem que somente através de uma combinação analítica dos fatores externos e internos, bem como de suas interações, é possível entender porque determinadas estratégias foram adotadasFatores Internos, Poder, Desenvolvimento.

A crucialidade dos condicionantes internos: o desenvolvimento comparado das colônias temperadas inglesas entre 1850 e 1930

Fundamentado numa retomada histórico-analítica da trajetória socioeconômica da Austrália, do Canadá e da Argentina, o presente trabalho investiga por que tais países - que possuíam em comum o fato de serem colônias temperadas inglesas -, mesmo partindo de condições aparentemente muito semelhantes, atingiram resultados econômicos e sociais tão distintos. Apesar de partirem da noção das relações de poder características do Sistema Mundial naquele período, as autoras atribuem papel crucial aos condicionantes internos para a escolha da estratégia de crescimento e desenvolvimento econômicos e defendem que somente a partir de uma combinação analítica dos fatores externos e internos, bem como de suas interações, é possível entender por que determinadas estratégias foram adotadas.Based on an historical-analytical review of the social-economic path of Australia, Canada and Argentina, this paper investigates why such countries - that had in common the fact of being British temperate colonies - in spite of starting from apparently very similar conditions, they reached distinct economic and social results. Although the authors do not ignore the typical power relations of the World System at that time, they attribute crucial role to the internal features of these countries in their choices of growth and development strategies. The authors support that only from an analytical combination of the internal and external features, such as their interactions, it is possible to understand why particular strategies were taken

The South’s Thoughts on Development: Links Between Latin America and Africa

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la revisión epistemológica e interdisciplinaria de la evolución del concepto de Desarrollo en los pensamientos del Sur, considerando las regiones América Latina y África. Se presenta un survey que incluye a los pioneros de la Economía del Desarrollo en las décadas de 1940 y 1950, las teorías latinoamericanas del desarrollismo y la dependencia en las décadas de 1960 y 1970, las teorías panafricanistas en las desde 1950 hasta 1970, y finalmente la reflexión sobre el concepto de desarrollo de hoy considerando las nuevas relaciones centro / periferia, los enlaces del pensamiento de América Latina y África y la actualidad de sus inquietudes

Problemas cruciais do subdesenvolvimento brasileiro: uma análise Kaleckiana do período desenvolvimentista (1956 a 19800

XX Encontro Nacional de Economia Política: desenvolvimento Latino-Americano, Integração e Inserção Internacional - UNILA, Foz do Iguaçu, 26 a 29 de maio de 2015Kalecki (1968) aponta alguns problemas cruciais que países subdesenvolvidos precisam superar para enfi m atingir o desenvolvimento econômico. Este trabalho visa revisitar o ponto de vista de Kalecki e confrontar suas “soluções difíceis” do subdesenvolvimento às diretrizes e resultados de políticas econômicas no Brasil entre 1956 e 1980, refl etindo se, sob a ótica Kaleckiana, o país alcançou um resultado de desenvolvimento no períodoBanco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES); Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu (ITAIPU); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA

Population medical genetics : translating science to the community

Rare genetic disorders are currently in the spotlight due to the elevated number of different conditions and significant total number of affected patients. The study of these disorders is extremely helpful for the elucidation of physiological processes related with complex disorders. Isolated populations are instrumental for the study of genetic disorders, considering their homogeneity and high proportion of affected patients in a small geographic area. These favorable conditions lead to the creation of a new discipline, known as "population medical genetics", which integrates medical genetics, population genetics, epidemiological genetics and community genetics. In order to develop practical activities in this new discipline, the National Institute of Population Medical Genetics (INaGeMP) was created in 2008 in Brazil. INaGeMP has developed several tools and funded numerous research activities. In this review, we highlight three successful projects developed in the first 10 years of INaGeMP activities (2008-2018): a newborn screening pilot study for MPS VI in Northeast Brazil, the study of Machado-Joseph disease in Brazilian families with Azorian ancestry, and the high twinning rate in a small town in southern Brazil. The results of these projects in terms of scientific output and contributions to the affected communities highlight the success and importance of INaGeMP

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe