As dimensões do trabalho do “bom professor” nas concepções dos jovens do Ensino Médio

Este artigo tem como protagonistas os jovens da periferia de uma escola de ensino médio com o objetivo de identifi car suas concepções sobre o “bom professor”. Buscam-se respostas para duas questões:Quais as características apontadas pelos alunos que não podem faltar em um “bom professor” de ensino médio? Quais os objetivos dos jovens, em relação ao ensino médio, que caracterizam tais escolhas? Parte-se da ideia de que é a partir do sentido que os alunos dão ao ensino que eles escolhem seus “bons professores”. São apresentados dados de pesquisa qualitativa realizada em uma escola de ensino médio pública na periferia da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram produzidos através da aplicação de questionários junto a341 alunos do 3º ano do ensino médio regular e da observação das aulas. As indicações de “bom professor” são categorizadas nas dimensões estratégicas, relacionais, pessoais e motivacionais em relação ao trabalho docente. Os jovens apontam o caráter motivacional dos professores como elemento capaz de conferir sentido para escola de ensino médio. Constata-se que tais indicadores de “bom professor” podem contribuir para a compreensão do trabalho docente e identifi cação dos saberes necessários para a consolidação da profi ssão.Palavras-chave: Bom professor. Ensino Médio. Juventude. Dimensões. Trabalho docente.The dimensions of “good teacher” work in the conceptions of young people of High SchoolAbstractThis article has as protagonists young people from the periphery of a high school with the objective of identifying their conceptions about the “good teacher”. We seek answers to two questions: What are the characteristics pointed out by students that can not be lacking in a “good teacher” of high school? What are the goals of young people in relation to high school, which characterize such choices? It starts from the idea that it is from the sense that students give to teaching that they choose their “good teachers”. Data are presented qualitative research carried out in a public high school in the outskirts of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The data were produced through the application of questionnaires to 341 students of the 3rd year of regular high school and the observation of classes. The indications of “good teacher” are categorized in the strategic, relational, personal and motivational dimensions in relation to the teaching work. The young people point out the motivational character of the teachers as an element capable of giving meaning to high school. It is observed that such indicators of “good teacher” can contribute to the understanding of the teaching work and identifi cation of the knowledge needed to consolidate the profession.Keywords: Good teacher. High School. Youth. Dimensions. Work theacher.Las dimensiones del trabajo del “bun profesor” en las concepciones delos jóvenes de la Enseñanza MedioResumeEste artículo tiene como protagonistas a los jóvenes de la periferia de una escuela de enseñanza media con el objetivo de identificar sus concepciones sobre el “buen profesor”. Se buscan respuestas para dos cuestiones: ¿Cuáles son las características apuntadas por los alumnos que no pueden faltar en un “buenprofesor” de enseñanza media? ¿Cuáles son los objetivos de los jóvenes, en relación a la enseñanza media, que caracterizan tales elecciones? Se parte de la idea de que es a partir del sentido que los alumnos dan a la enseñanza que ellos eligen a sus “buenos profesores”. Se presentan datos de investigación cualitativa realizada en una escuela de enseñanza media pública en la periferia de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Los datos fueron producidos a través de la aplicación de cuestionarios junto a 341 alumnos del 3º año de la enseñanza mediaregular y de la observación de las clases. Las indicaciones de “buen profesor” se clasifican en las dimensiones estratégicas, relacionales, personales y motivacionales en relación al trabajo docente. Los jóvenes apuntan el carácter motivacional de los profesores como elemento capaz de conferir sentido a la escuela secundaria. Se constata que tales indicadores de “buen profesor” pueden contribuir a la comprensión del trabajo docente e identificación de los saberes necesarios para la consolidación de la profesión.Palabras clave: Buen profesor. Escuela Secundaria. Juventud. Dimensiones. Trabajo docente

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Composição química e avaliações físicas de mortadela de tilápia do Nilo com sabor de camarão

Sin processing industries generate large amounts of waste that are truly sources of contamination to the environment when they are disposed of inappropriately. The use of these residues in the preparation of food for humans can be an alternative in obtaining a nutritious and more accessible product, in addition to adding value to the residues and increasing the profit margin of the industries. This research aimed to determine the centesimal composition, energy value and physical analysis of a mortadella made with meat mechanically separated from Nile tilapia with shrimp flavor. Three mortadella formulations with varying concentrations of aromatic shrimp flavor were analyzed and partial chemical composition analysis, energy value calculation and physical analysis were performed in appropriate equipment for each analysis. All formulations were within the standards established by current legislation in Brazil regarding chemical composition, in addition to a lower energy value than conventional mortadella sold in supermarkets. The physical analyzes met the quality standards recommended in the literature. The formulations evaluated are an alternative to add value to the waste from the processing of filleting tilapia, and can be used in the preparation of mortadella, with healthier and more nutritious characteristics.As indústrias de beneficiamento do pescado geram grandes quantidades de resíduos que são verdadeiras fontes de contaminação ao meio ambiente quando são descartados inadequadamente. O aproveitamento desses resíduos na elaboração de alimentos para humanos pode ser uma alternativa na obtenção de um produto nutritivo e mais acessível, além de agregar valor aos resíduos e aumentar a margem de lucro das indústrias. Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se determinar a composição centesimal, valor energético e análises físicas de uma mortadela elaborada com carne mecanicamente separada de tilápia do Nilo com sabor de camarão. Foram analisadas três formulações de mortadelas com concentrações variadas de extrato aromático sabor camarão e realizadas análises de composição química parcial, cálculo do valor energético e análises físicas em equipamentos apropriados para cada análise. Todas as formulações se apresentaram dentro dos padrões estabelecidos pela legislação vigente no Brasil quanto a composição química, além de um valor energético menor que as mortadelas convencionais comercializadas em supermercados. As análises físicas atenderam aos padrões de qualidade recomendados na literatura. As formulações avaliadas são uma alternativa para agregar valor aos resíduos do processamento da filetagem de tilápia, podendo ser empregados na elaboração de mortadela, com características mais saudáveis e nutritivas

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions