Elaboration of handbook about dietary fibers and bowel constipation

Objective: to elaborate a handbook with high-fiber foods to be used in the composition of the homogeneous liquid diet for patients in postoperative period to reduce or prevent the bowel constipation. Methods: the handbook highlights the importance of dietary fibers, classification, food sources, amount of use, interaction with other nutrients, directions for preparation, solubility, functions and problems caused by the excess ingestion. It also contains a list of food with fibers quantities present in 100 grams of each food. Such data were obtained from the Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos of Unicamp and Tabela Brasileira de Composição de Alimentos of University of São Paulo. The handbook was elaborated by students from Fundap Professional Improvement Program and distributed for free for all patients of the Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, in postoperative period, receiving homogeneous liquid diet. The handbook was also made available in the homepages www.centrinho.usp/manual and www.redeprofis.com.br for consultation and free copies. The handbook art and illustrations were made by a student of Marketing rom USC. Results: The use of fibers will be oriented in a preventive form for patients not showing bowel constipation and in a corrective form for those already constipated. Conclusions: Bowel constipation is a public health problem in Brazil, mainly among women, and it becomes worse when individuals are submitted to a homogeneous liquid diet in which the foods are liquefied and filtered and the residues (fibers) are rejected. In such case, the composition of this diet needs to be enriched with dietary fibers to prevent or correct the bowel constipation

DINÂMICA DA COBERTURA DO SOLO NA MICROBACIA DO RIO LAGARTO, AMAZÔNIA OCIDENTAL, BRASIL

Studies related to spatial and temporal analysis of soil cover are of great importance to understand anthropic impacts on natural resources and, later, to propose more appropriate conservation practices to mitigate the anthropic effects on ecosystems, enabling the increase of the sustainability of agricultural establishments. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of soil cover in the watershed and riparian zone of the Lagarto River. For data acquisition and preparation of ground cover maps, images of Landsat 5 (1984, 1997 and 2010) and Landsat 8 (2022) and QGIS 2.10.1 satellites were used. In the period from 1984 to 2022 (38 years), there was great pressure on the native forest, leaving only 23.87% of the area of this vegetation in the watershed and 24.32% in the riparian zone, in the last year evaluated by the research. On the other hand, there was the growth of agriculture, reaching, respectively, 75.42% and 71.89% of the total areas of the watershed and riparian zone in 2022. It is concluded that the excessive advance of agriculture tends to compromise water resources, and, consequently, sustainable development. It is recommended to insert the tree component in the productive systems (agroforestry systems - SAFs, integration of Till-Livestock-Forest - ILPF silvopastoral systems - SSP and reforestation), and the recomposition of native vegetation in the riparian area that is occupied with agriculture. Studies are also recommended to assess the situation of native vegetation in legal reserves, to see if there is a need for recomposition.Los estudios relacionados con el análisis espacial y temporal de la cobertura del suelo son de gran importancia para comprender los impactos antrópicos sobre los recursos naturales y, posteriormente, proponer prácticas de conservación más apropiadas para mitigar los efectos antrópicos sobre los ecosistemas, permitiendo el aumento de la sostenibilidad de los establecimientos agrícolas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la dinámica espacial y temporal de la cobertura del suelo en la cuenca y la zona ribereña del río Lagarto. Para la adquisición de datos y la preparación de mapas de cobertura del suelo, se utilizaron imágenes de los satélites Landsat 5 (1984, 1997 y 2010) y Landsat 8 (2022) y QGIS 2.10.1. En el período de 1984 a 2022 (38 años), hubo una gran presión sobre el bosque nativo, dejando solo el 23,87% del área de esta vegetación en la cuenca y el 24,32% en la zona ribereña, en el último año evaluado por la investigación. Por otro lado, se produjo el crecimiento de la agricultura, alcanzando, respectivamente, 75.42% y 71.89% de las áreas totales de la cuenca y zona ribereña en 2022. Se concluye que el avance excesivo de la agricultura tiende a comprometer los recursos hídricos y, en consecuencia, el desarrollo sostenible. Se recomienda insertar el componente arbóreo en los sistemas productivos (sistemas agroforestales - SAFs, integración de Till-Ganadería-Bosque - ILPF silvopastoriles - SSP y reforestación), y la recomposición de la vegetación nativa en el área ribereña que se ocupa de la agricultura.Os estudos relacionados à análise espacial e temporal da cobertura do solo são de grande importância para entender os impactos antrópicos sobre os recursos naturais e, posteriormente, propor práticas conservacionistas mais adequadas para mitigar os efeitos antrópicos sobre os ecossistemas, propiciando o aumento da sustentabilidade dos estabelecimentos agropecuários. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a dinâmica espacial e temporal da cobertura do solo na microbacia e zona ripária do rio Lagarto. Para a aquisição dos dados e elaboração dos mapas de cobertura de solo, foram utilizadas imagens dos satélites Landsat 5 (1984, 1997 e 2010) e Landsat 8 (2022), e o software QGIS 2.10.1. No período de 1984 a 2022 (38 anos), houve uma grande pressão sobre a floresta nativa, restando apenas 23,87% da área desta vegetação na microbacia e 24,32% na zona ripária, no último ano avaliado pela pesquisa. Em contrapartida, ocorreu o crescimento da agropecuária, chegando a ocupar, respectivamente, 75,42% e 71,89% das áreas totais da microbacia e zona ripária no ano de 2022. Conclui-se que o avanço excessivo da agropecuária tende a comprometer os recursos hídricos, e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento sustentável. Recomenda-se a inserção do componente arbóreo nos sistemas produtivos (sistemas agroflorestais - SAFs, integração de Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta - ILPF sistemas silvipastoris - SSP e reflorestamentos), e a recomposição da vegetação nativa na zona ripária que está ocupada com agropecuária. Também são recomendados estudos para avaliar a situação da vegetação nativa nas reservas legais, para ver se há a necessidade de recomposição.Os estudos relacionados à análise espacial e temporal da cobertura do solo são de grande importância para entender os impactos antrópicos sobre os recursos naturais e, posteriormente, propor práticas conservacionistas mais adequadas para mitigar os efeitos antrópicos sobre os ecossistemas, propiciando o aumento da sustentabilidade dos estabelecimentos agropecuários. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a dinâmica espacial e temporal da cobertura do solo na microbacia e zona ripária do rio Lagarto. Para a aquisição dos dados e elaboração dos mapas de cobertura de solo, foram utilizadas imagens dos satélites Landsat 5 (1984, 1997 e 2010) e Landsat 8 (2022), e o software QGIS 2.10.1. No período de 1984 a 2022 (38 anos), houve uma grande pressão sobre a floresta nativa, restando apenas 23,87% da área desta vegetação na microbacia e 24,32% na zona ripária, no último ano avaliado pela pesquisa. Em contrapartida, ocorreu o crescimento da agropecuária, chegando a ocupar, respectivamente, 75,42% e 71,89% das áreas totais da microbacia e zona ripária no ano de 2022. Conclui-se que o avanço excessivo da agropecuária tende a comprometer os recursos hídricos, e, consequentemente, o desenvolvimento sustentável. Recomenda-se a inserção do componente arbóreo nos sistemas produtivos (sistemas agroflorestais - SAFs, integração de Lavoura-Pecuária-Floresta - ILPF sistemas silvipastoris - SSP e reflorestamentos), e a recomposição da vegetação nativa na zona ripária que está ocupada com agropecuária. Também são recomendados estudos para avaliar a situação da vegetação nativa nas reservas legais, para ver se há a necessidade de recomposição

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups