Scottish Chartism and its economic background

In 1838 Lovett drafted what was called the 'People's Charter' and this was sponsored by the L.W.M.A.. Almost simultaneously a similar document called the National Petition was issued by the Birmingham Political Union. That the demands and aims of both groups were alike was not coincidence. They had independently made a concise re-statement of earlier Radical ideas - ideas which always had been the stock in trade of the reformer. Only the presentation was new - the familiar 'Six Points'. Here they are.(1) Manhood suffrage. (2) Vote by ballot. (3) Annual Parliaments. (4) Abolition of the property qualification of MPs. (5) Payment of members. (6) Equal electoral districts. [This last was not put forward by the Birmingham Political Union].The heady old wine of Radicalism proved very much to the public taste when served up in new bottles. Clubs and associations throughout the country were formed to advocate the 'Six Points'. Soon it became a national movement and by 1839 was strong enough to hold a Convention in London - a sort of 'Parliament of the Industrious Classes' as suggested by uwen in 1834. There was to be no guillotine and Tricolour about this meeting. Great care was taken to see that it was a legal assembly and that by coming together the members did not contravene any existing legislation. What was behind all this? Well, at least it would provide a rallying point for various shades of radical opinion and enable a programme of political action to be drawn up, Of course the more violent elemental hoped that somehow or other this Convention might yet become the de facto Government of the country.This Convention marks the real start of Chartism. It went through many vicissitudesm often becoming very violent in character, and suffered a major defeat in 1848. But it was a complex movement full of inherent contradictions. As the movement in Scotland is examined, something of its real nature, its virtues and failings, should emerge. Chartism as such petered out in a welter of froth and frustration; yet four of those 'Six Points' are at the very foundations of modern society. This is not coincidence. Chartism set in motion forces the full effects of which have still to be felt

Breast milk intake measured by deuterium kinetics in mother-infant pairs in Addis Ababa

Abstract: The accurate determination of breast-milk intake of infants is essential in order to estimate energy intake and nutrient requirement during infancy and lactation. The deuterium dilution technique was employed for measuring breast-milk intake in exclusively breast-fed Ethiopian infants. This method is convenient for field conditions rather than the commonly used test-weighing procedure. In addition, the feasibility of using the less specialised, more efficient and considerably cheaper instrument, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), was evaluated in the Ethiopian setting. The results obtained were compared to that of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (IRMS). Ten mother-infant pairs were recruited from two government subsidised health centres, namely Ledeta and Semen. Mothers received a pre-weighed 30g oral dose of D2O. Maternal and infant saliva samples, and breast milk samples were collected over a 14-day period following dose administration. Anthropometric data were also collected. Saliva and deffated milk samples were analysed for deuterium enrichment by Infrared Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry and the data were fitted into two-compartment model. Infant weights were compared with a 12 months breastfed infant-pooled data set. Comparison of these infants with 12 months breast-fed pooled data set showed that weight for age Z-scores were below the mean. There was no significant difference between initial and final Z-scores (p>0.05) during the experimental period although all of the infants showed some catch-up growth. Mean ± SD breast milk intake was 850±120ml/day and 880±120ml/day measured using FTIR and IRMS, respectively. The study has demonstrated that it is feasible to measure breast milk intake using deuterium dilution technique in the Ethiopian setting and Infrared spectroscopy could be used for the purpose. It also confirmed that Ethiopian mothers have comparable or higher milk output than privileged communities. These findings have important implications for future research. [Ethiopia. J. Health Dev. 1999; 13(3): 271-279

TADPOL: A 1.3 mm Survey of Dust Polarization in Star-forming Cores and Regions

We present {\lambda}1.3 mm CARMA observations of dust polarization toward 30 star-forming cores and 8 star-forming regions from the TADPOL survey. We show maps of all sources, and compare the ~2.5" resolution TADPOL maps with ~20" resolution polarization maps from single-dish submillimeter telescopes. Here we do not attempt to interpret the detailed B-field morphology of each object. Rather, we use average B-field orientations to derive conclusions in a statistical sense from the ensemble of sources, bearing in mind that these average orientations can be quite uncertain. We discuss three main findings: (1) A subset of the sources have consistent magnetic field (B-field) orientations between large (~20") and small (~2.5") scales. Those same sources also tend to have higher fractional polarizations than the sources with inconsistent large-to-small-scale fields. We interpret this to mean that in at least some cases B-fields play a role in regulating the infall of material all the way down to the ~1000 AU scales of protostellar envelopes. (2) Outflows appear to be randomly aligned with B-fields; although, in sources with low polarization fractions there is a hint that outflows are preferentially perpendicular to small-scale B-fields, which suggests that in these sources the fields have been wrapped up by envelope rotation. (3) Finally, even at ~2.5" resolution we see the so-called "polarization hole" effect, where the fractional polarization drops significantly near the total intensity peak. All data are publicly available in the electronic edition of this article.Comment: 53 pages, 37 figures -- main body (13 pp., 3 figures), source maps (32 pp., 34 figures), source descriptions (8 pp.). Accepted by the Astrophysical Journal Supplemen

Funny walking : the rise, fall and rise of the Anglo-American comic eccentric dancer

This article will attempt to reposition comic eccentric dance as a metamorphic form that still, surprisingly, exists, and is to be found with reasonable ubiquity, in renewed incarna-tions within twenty first century media. Tracing the origins of comic eccentric dance through examples of earlier comedy performance, and drawing from Bergson’s comic theory of body misalliance, this article will dis-cuss this particularly ludic fusion of music and comedy. Further changes to the form affected by modernist preoccupations during the new Jazz Age at the turn of the twentieth century will be suggested. Finally, ways in which the formulation lives on in twenty-first century in-carnations in the comedy work of, for instance, Jimmy Fallon and Ricky Gervase, and in popular television shows such as Strictly Come Dancing (BBC 2004 - ) and Britain’s Got Talent (ITV 2006 - ) will be posited

Writing in Britain and Ireland, c. 400 to c. 800

No abstract available

Effect of a Perioperative, Cardiac Output-Guided Hemodynamic Therapy Algorithm on Outcomes Following Major Gastrointestinal Surgery A Randomized Clinical Trial and Systematic Review

Importance: small trials suggest that postoperative outcomes may be improved by the use of cardiac output monitoring to guide administration of intravenous fluid and inotropic drugs as part of a hemodynamic therapy algorithm.Objective: to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a perioperative, cardiac output–guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm.Design, setting, and participants: OPTIMISE was a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized, observer-blinded trial of 734 high-risk patients aged 50 years or older undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery at 17 acute care hospitals in the United Kingdom. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis were also conducted including randomized trials published from 1966 to February 2014.Interventions: patients were randomly assigned to a cardiac output–guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm for intravenous fluid and inotrope (dopexamine) infusion during and 6 hours following surgery (n=368) or to usual care (n=366).Main outcomes and measures: the primary outcome was a composite of predefined 30-day moderate or major complications and mortality. Secondary outcomes were morbidity on day 7; infection, critical care–free days, and all-cause mortality at 30 days; all-cause mortality at 180 days; and length of hospital stay.Results: baseline patient characteristics, clinical care, and volumes of intravenous fluid were similar between groups. Care was nonadherent to the allocated treatment for less than 10% of patients in each group. The primary outcome occurred in 36.6% of intervention and 43.4% of usual care participants (relative risk [RR], 0.84 [95% CI, 0.71-1.01]; absolute risk reduction, 6.8% [95% CI, ?0.3% to 13.9%]; P?=?.07). There was no significant difference between groups for any secondary outcomes. Five intervention patients (1.4%) experienced cardiovascular serious adverse events within 24 hours compared with none in the usual care group. Findings of the meta-analysis of 38 trials, including data from this study, suggest that the intervention is associated with fewer complications (intervention, 488/1548 [31.5%] vs control, 614/1476 [41.6%]; RR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.71-0.83]) and a nonsignificant reduction in hospital, 28-day, or 30-day mortality (intervention, 159/3215 deaths [4.9%] vs control, 206/3160 deaths [6.5%]; RR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.67-1.01]) and mortality at longest follow-up (intervention, 267/3215 deaths [8.3%] vs control, 327/3160 deaths [10.3%]; RR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.74-1.00]).Conclusions and relevance: in a randomized trial of high-risk patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery, use of a cardiac output–guided hemodynamic therapy algorithm compared with usual care did not reduce a composite outcome of complications and 30-day mortality. However, inclusion of these data in an updated meta-analysis indicates that the intervention was associated with a reduction in complication rate