Developing a draft learning progression framework for ESOL in New Zealand schools

Early in 2003 we were commissioned to produce a draft Learning Progression Framework (LPF) for ESOL in the New Zealand curriculum. The draft Framework was completed in June 2003 and entered the consultation round. In producing the draft Framework, we had to address a range of issues. Some these related to user expectations. Others concerned the relationship between the draft Framework and documents such as English in the New Zealand Curriculum, existing curriculum documents relating to other languages, and ESOL frameworks available in other countries. These issues proved to be critical. This paper explores some of these issues and introduces the draft Framework

Pain in traumatic upper limb amputees in Sierra Leone.

Data on 40 upper limb amputees (11 bilateral) with regard to stump pain, phantom sensation and phantom pain is presented. All the patients lost their limbs as a result of violent injuries intended to terrorise the population and were assessed 10-48 months after the injury. All amputees reported stump pain in the month prior to interview and ten of the 11 bilateral amputees had bilateral pain. Phantom sensation was common (92.5%), but phantom pain was only present in 32.5% of amputees. Problems in translation and explanation may have influenced the low incidence of phantom pain and high incidence of stump pain. In the bilateral amputees phantom sensation, phantom pain and telescoping all showed bilateral concordance, whereas stump pain and neuromas did not show concordance. About half the subjects (56%) had lost their limb at the time of injury (primary) while the remainder had an injury, then a subsequent amputation in hospital (secondary). There was no association between the incidence of phantom pain and amputation irrespective of being primary or secondary

Hemidactylus mabouia

Number of Pages: 11Integrative BiologyGeological Science

From war to peace: archery and crossbow guilds in Flanders c.1300-1500

This thesis engages with a broad range archival source from across Flanders to analyse poorly understood urban groups, the archery and crossbow guilds. The development and continuing importance of the guilds, as military and social groups, and as agents of social peace, will be analysed over six chapters. Chapter one traces the guilds’ origins and continuing military service. Proving a foundation date or a definitive origin for most guilds has proved impossible, but their enduring military importance can be established. In contrast to the assumptions of Arnade (1996), stating that after 1436 the guilds rarely served in war, I have shown that guilds served across the fifteenth century. Chapter two examines the guild-brothers themselves, through a prosopographical study of the members of the Bruges guilds. Many writers have assumed guilds to be ‘elite’ but no study to date has attempted to prove the status of guild-brothers. My use of several hundred different sources reveals numerous important details about guilds’ composition. Many ‘elites’ were present, but so too were members of all crafts and, in comparison with the militia records of 1436, many richer crafts were greatly underrepresented, but crucially no profession was excluded. Chapters three and four analyse respectively the devotions and community of the guilds. Both show the centrality of choice; that guilds were reactive and complex groups changing in response to the needs of members, who could include women, children and priests. Chapter five steps back from the guilds to examine their relationships with authorities. The rulers of Flanders granted privileges to guilds, but they also socialised with them. Great lords patronised and joined guilds, helping them gain rights and lands, but such relationships were mutually beneficial. Urban authorities also supported their guilds, through money, wine, cloth and even land the towns cherished their guilds not just as defenders, but as representatives of civic ideology. Chapter six demonstrates the guilds’ displays of honour and civic prestige at their best, through a study of their competitions. Competitions brought hundreds of armed men together, yet they did not provoke violence, rather, through the language of brotherhood and symbols of commensality, competitions rebuilt damaged communities. A study of competitions is far more than a study of spectacles; it is an analysis of the greatest forms of civic representation and the guilds becoming agents of social peace

Kara Crombie

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Legislating for Humanity\u27s Next Step: Cultivating a Legal Framework for the Mining of Celestial Bodies

Rapid expansion in the space sector by state and private sector actors highlights the need for a new legal regulatory framework, particularly regarding property rights. The exploitation of space-based resources through the mining of asteroids is currently subject to a cold-war era international agreement that did not include clear consideration about how future off-world commercial exploitation might be regulated or property rights assigned. This article explores two empirical examples, the International Seabed Authority and the International Telecommunication Union, to determine whether they provide useful models of a future international legal framework for off-world property rights

Theory of magnetism with temporal disorder applied to magnetically doped ZnO

A dynamic model of the asymmetric Ising glass is presented: an Ising model with antiferromagnet bonds with probabilities q arranged at random in a ferromagnetic matrix. The dynamics is introduced by changing the arrangement of the antiferromagnetic bonds after n Monte Carlo steps but keeping the same value of q and spin configuration. In the region where there is a second order transition between the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic states the dynamic behaviour follows that expected for motional narrowing and reverts to the static behaviour only for large n. There is a different dynamic behaviour where there is a first order transition between the ferromagnetic and spin glass states where it shows no effects of motional narrowing. The implications of this are discussed. This model is devised to explain the properties of doped ZnO where the magnetisation is reduced when the exchange interactions change with time.Comment: Paper was presented at MMM 2008 and is accepted for publication in J.A.

Control mechanisms of Na+-K+-ATPase mediated branchial ion exchange in cod, Gadus morhua

The cellular mechanisms involved in the control of sodium transport across the gills of a seawater stenohaline fish Gadus morhua were investigated with particular emphasis on the role of diacylglycérol (DAG) as a second messenger. A whole-body perfusion system identified several agents that induced changes in sodium efflux across the gills. The effects of these agents on Na+-K+-ATPase activity and phospholipid metabolism in isolated chloride cells were then investigated in an attempt to identify the second messengers involved in receptor-mediated stimulation of salt secretion in chloride cells. The hormone atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) was found to reduce the sodium efflux in perfused gills and reduce Na^-K^-ATPase activity in homogenates of chloride cells. Thus its action appears to be at least partly due to an effect on active sodium transport by Na^-K^-ATPase. The mechanism by which ANF brings about a change in Na'*’-K^-ATPase activity was not via a receptor-mediated phospholipa.se C hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositides or indeed phospholipase C mediated hydrolysis of any other phospholipid. However receptor-mediated phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) metabolism was probably involved and this may be accomplished by changes in cytidyltransferase activity. The phosphatidylinositol cycle in unstimulated chloride cells and in cells treated with ANF was relatively inactive. Radioactive tracer studies revealed a high proportion of radio-incorporation into the phospholipid phosphatidyl- ethanolamine and relatively low amounts into the phosphoinositides unlike the situation in other salt transporting epithelia or in cod brain. The significance of this in terms of signal transduction in the chloride cells of cod remains to be determined. Diacylglycérol appears to have a role as a second messenger in the control of sodium efflux and Na^-K^-ATPase activity in the gills of cod. Both sodium efflux and Na^-K^-ATPase activity were reduced on administration of phorbol ester or a synthetic DAG analogue. The exact mechanism by which this inactivation was mediated remains unclear though it seems probable that it is mediated via activation of protein kinase C. A physiological effector for this pathway remains to be identified. Attempts to link the action of the hormone ANF with production of the second messenger DAG and the subsequent activation of PKC proved unsuccessful