Método para reducir los índices de rajaduras en trozas de Eucalyptus sp.

The greatest limitation of the Eucalyptus genus is the presence of internal growth tensions that cause defects that most impair performance and the obtaining ofquality sawn timber, so this work is carried out in the areas of the Agro Base Business Unit Industrial Los Palacios and aims to apply different methods thatreduce the effect of these growth trends on logs of Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell and Eucalyptus saligna Smith. The treatments used are: Banding treesstanding, logs stored with irrigation and logs stored with ring at the ends taking as reference a witness to establish comparisons. It is defined that thetreatment of trees ringed on foot, presents the best results related to the reduction of cracks and cracking rates, obtaining mathematical equations thatmake it possible to predict the rates of cracks for better management of logs as raw materials in the sawmills. Alternative tangential sawing is the method thatmakes it possible to obtain the best levels of sawn timber yield.La mayor limitación del genero Eucalyptus lo constituye la presencia de tensiones internas de crecimiento que ocasionan los defectos que más perjudican el rendimiento y la obtención de madera aserrada de calidad por lo que el presente trabajo se desarrolla en las áreas de la Unidad Empresarial deBase Agro Industrial Los Palacios y tiene como objetivo la aplicación de diferentes métodos que posibiliten disminuir el efecto de estas tenciones de crecimientoen trozas de Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell y Eucalyptus saligna Smith. Los métodos empleados son: Anillamiento de árboles en pié, trozas almacenadas con riego ytrozas almacenadas con anillo en los extremos tomando como referencia un testigo para establecer comparaciones. Se define que el método de los árboles anillados en pie, presenta los mejores resultados relacionados con la disminución de las grietas y los índices de rajadura, obteniendo ecuaciones matemáticas que posibilitan predecir los índices de rajaduras para un mejor manejo de las trozas como materias primas en los aserraderos. El aserrado tangencial alternativo es el método queposibilita obtener los mejores niveles de rendimiento de madera aserrada.

Análisis del proceso de elaboración de muebles de piezas curvadas de chapas de madera

The objective of work is the mathematical modeling of the process of elaboration of pieces made of Pinus caribaea, tropical Pinus, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus citriodora and Bursera simaruba wood sheets. The wooden sheets were obtained from a technology with low consumptions of energy payees. The work were developed in the laboratories of the University of Pinegrove of the River, in which the norms GOST was used to determine the mechanical resistance of the conformed pieces. The data related with the magnitude of the radii of curvature of the investigated species were suitable to be adapted for the elaboration of the conformed pieces. With increase of the thickness of the wooden foils, the flexion radius diminished abruptly, standing out in this sense the foils of 1 mm that provided the strongest radii. The investigated species constitute an optimal raw material for the production of furniture of wooden conformed pieces. At the same time, it is significant to establish that the conformed pieces of foils of Eucalyptus citriodora are the ones that presented a bigger mechanical resistance. Starting from the determination of the normed resistance of the pieces, it was possible to correctly direct the productive process of the elaboration furniture of pieces conformed with the greatest possible resistance.El objetivo del presente trabajo es la modelación matemática del proceso de elaboración de piezas conformadas de láminas de madera de Pinus caribaea, Pinus tropicales, Eucalyptus saligna, Eucalyptus citriodora y Bursera simaruba. Las láminas de madera fueron obtenidas a partir de una tecnología con bajos consumos de portadores energéticos. Los trabajos se desarrollaron en los laboratorios de la Universidad de Pinar del Rio, se utilizaron las normas GOST para determinar la resistencia mecánica de las piezas conformadas. Los datos relacionados con la magnitud de los radios de curvatura de las especies investigadas resultaron ser adecuados para la elaboración de las piezas conformadas. Con aumento del grosor de las chapas de madera, el radio de flexión disminuyó bruscamente, destacándose en este sentido las chapas de 1 mm, que proporcionaron los radios más fuertes. Las especies investigadas constituyen materia prima óptima para la producción de muebles de piezas conformadas de madera. A su vez, es significativo establecer que las piezas conformadas de chapas de Eucalyptus citriodora son las que presentaron una mayor resistencia mecánica. A partir de la determinación de la resistencia normada de las piezas se pudo dirigir correctamente el proceso productivo de la elaboración de muebles de piezas conformadas con la mayor resistencia permitida

Análisis de la calidad superficial de diferentes maderas

The work is carried out in the provinces of Pinar del Río and Artemisa, Cuba, with the objective of demonstrating the possibilities of use in the furniture industry based on the surface quality of the planed wood of the most abundant species in the forest ecosystems of Pinar del Río and Artemisa. The study material was obtained in plantations located in the Agroforestry Companies Pinar del Rio, Macurije and Costa Sur in the provinces of Pinar del Rio and Artemisa, Cuba. The brushing, roughness, evaluation of defects and classification tests were carried out according to the ASTM D-1666-2004 Standard. The five most preferred species by consumers for furniture are Swietenia mahagoni, Cedrela odorata, Cordia gerascanthus, Hibiscus elatus and Tectona grandis. The species with the highest volume and existence in the studied ecosystems are Pinus caribaea var caribaea followed by Eucaliptus saligna, Gmelina arborea, Acacia mangium and Samanea saman, they have the potential to be used in the furniture industry based on the surface quality of the wood during the planning.El trabajo se desarrolla en las provincias de Pinar del Río y Artemisa, Cuba, teniendo como objetivo demostrar las posibilidades de uso en la industria del mueble a partir de la calidad superficial de la madera cepillada de las especies de mayor abundancia en los ecosistemas forestales de Pinar del Río y Artemisa. El material de estudio se obtuvo en plantaciones localizadas en las Empresas Agroforestales Pinar del Rio, Macurije y Costa Sur en las provincias de Pinar del Rio y Artemisa, Cuba. Los ensayos de cepillado, evaluación de los defectos y clasificación se realizaron según la Norma ASTM D-1666-2004. Las cinco especies de mayor preferencia por los consumidores para la elaboración de muebles son Swietenia mahagoni, Cedrela odorata, Cordia gerascanthus, Hibiscus elatus y Tectona grandis. Las especies de mayor volumen y existencia en los ecosistemas estudiados son Pinus caribaea var caribaea seguido de Eucaliptus saligna, Gmelina arbórea, Acacia mangium y Samanea saman, cuentan con potencialidades para ser utilizadas en la industria del mueble a partir de la calidad superficial de la madera durante el cepillado

Feeding behaviour and digestion physiology in larval fish – current knowledge and gaps and bottlenecks in research

Food uptake follows rules defined by feeding behaviour that determines the kind and quantity of food ingested by fish larvae as well as how live prey and food particles are detected, captured and ingested. Feeding success depends on the progressive development of anatomical characteristics and physiological functions and on the availability of suitable food items throughout larval development. The fish larval stages present eco-morpho-physiological features very different from adults and differ from one species to another. The organoleptic properties, dimensions, detectability, movements characteristics and buoyancy of food items are all crucial features that should be considered, but is often ignored, in feeding regimes. Ontogenetic changes in digestive function lead to limitations in the ability to process certain feedstuffs. There is still a lack of knowledge about the digestion and absorption of various nutrients and about the ontogeny of basic physiological mechanisms in fish larvae, including how they are affected by genetic, dietary and environmental factors. The neural and hormonal regulation of the digestive process and of appetite is critical for optimizing digestion. These processes are still poorly described in fish larvae and attempts to develop optimal feeding regimes are often still on a ‘trial and error’ basis. A holistic understanding of feeding ecology and digestive functions is important for designing diets for fish larvae and the adaptation of rearing conditions to meet requirements for the best presentation of prey and microdiets, and their optimal ingestion, digestion and absorption. More research that targets gaps in our knowledge should advance larval rearing

Differential cross section measurements for the production of a W boson in association with jets in proton–proton collisions at √s = 7 TeV

Measurements are reported of differential cross sections for the production of a W boson, which decays into a muon and a neutrino, in association with jets, as a function of several variables, including the transverse momenta (pT) and pseudorapidities of the four leading jets, the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta (HT), and the difference in azimuthal angle between the directions of each jet and the muon. The data sample of pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV was collected with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 5.0 fb[superscript −1]. The measured cross sections are compared to predictions from Monte Carlo generators, MadGraph + pythia and sherpa, and to next-to-leading-order calculations from BlackHat + sherpa. The differential cross sections are found to be in agreement with the predictions, apart from the pT distributions of the leading jets at high pT values, the distributions of the HT at high-HT and low jet multiplicity, and the distribution of the difference in azimuthal angle between the leading jet and the muon at low values.United States. Dept. of EnergyNational Science Foundation (U.S.)Alfred P. Sloan Foundatio

Juxtaposing BTE and ATE – on the role of the European insurance industry in funding civil litigation

One of the ways in which legal services are financed, and indeed shaped, is through private insurance arrangement. Two contrasting types of legal expenses insurance contracts (LEI) seem to dominate in Europe: before the event (BTE) and after the event (ATE) legal expenses insurance. Notwithstanding institutional differences between different legal systems, BTE and ATE insurance arrangements may be instrumental if government policy is geared towards strengthening a market-oriented system of financing access to justice for individuals and business. At the same time, emphasizing the role of a private industry as a keeper of the gates to justice raises issues of accountability and transparency, not readily reconcilable with demands of competition. Moreover, multiple actors (clients, lawyers, courts, insurers) are involved, causing behavioural dynamics which are not easily predicted or influenced. Against this background, this paper looks into BTE and ATE arrangements by analysing the particularities of BTE and ATE arrangements currently available in some European jurisdictions and by painting a picture of their respective markets and legal contexts. This allows for some reflection on the performance of BTE and ATE providers as both financiers and keepers. Two issues emerge from the analysis that are worthy of some further reflection. Firstly, there is the problematic long-term sustainability of some ATE products. Secondly, the challenges faced by policymakers that would like to nudge consumers into voluntarily taking out BTE LEI

Search for stop and higgsino production using diphoton Higgs boson decays

Results are presented of a search for a "natural" supersymmetry scenario with gauge mediated symmetry breaking. It is assumed that only the supersymmetric partners of the top-quark (stop) and the Higgs boson (higgsino) are accessible. Events are examined in which there are two photons forming a Higgs boson candidate, and at least two b-quark jets. In 19.7 inverse femtobarns of proton-proton collision data at sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, recorded in the CMS experiment, no evidence of a signal is found and lower limits at the 95% confidence level are set, excluding the stop mass below 360 to 410 GeV, depending on the higgsino mass

Impacts of the Tropical Pacific/Indian Oceans on the Seasonal Cycle of the West African Monsoon

The current consensus is that drought has developed in the Sahel during the second half of the twentieth century as a result of remote effects of oceanic anomalies amplified by local land–atmosphere interactions. This paper focuses on the impacts of oceanic anomalies upon West African climate and specifically aims to identify those from SST anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Oceans during spring and summer seasons, when they were significant. Idealized sensitivity experiments are performed with four atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The prescribed SST patterns used in the AGCMs are based on the leading mode of covariability between SST anomalies over the Pacific/Indian Oceans and summer rainfall over West Africa. The results show that such oceanic anomalies in the Pacific/Indian Ocean lead to a northward shift of an anomalous dry belt from the Gulf of Guinea to the Sahel as the season advances. In the Sahel, the magnitude of rainfall anomalies is comparable to that obtained by other authors using SST anomalies confined to the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean. The mechanism connecting the Pacific/Indian SST anomalies with West African rainfall has a strong seasonal cycle. In spring (May and June), anomalous subsidence develops over both the Maritime Continent and the equatorial Atlantic in response to the enhanced equatorial heating. Precipitation increases over continental West Africa in association with stronger zonal convergence of moisture. In addition, precipitation decreases over the Gulf of Guinea. During the monsoon peak (July and August), the SST anomalies move westward over the equatorial Pacific and the two regions where subsidence occurred earlier in the seasons merge over West Africa. The monsoon weakens and rainfall decreases over the Sahel, especially in August.Peer reviewe

Search for anomalous production of events with three or more leptons in pp collisions at √s = 8TeV

Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published articles title, journal citation, and DOI.A search for physics beyond the standard model in events with at least three leptons is presented. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.5fb-1 of proton-proton collisions with center-of-mass energy s=8TeV, was collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC during 2012. The data are divided into exclusive categories based on the number of leptons and their flavor, the presence or absence of an opposite-sign, same-flavor lepton pair (OSSF), the invariant mass of the OSSF pair, the presence or absence of a tagged bottom-quark jet, the number of identified hadronically decaying τ leptons, and the magnitude of the missing transverse energy and of the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The numbers of observed events are found to be consistent with the expected numbers from standard model processes, and limits are placed on new-physics scenarios that yield multilepton final states. In particular, scenarios that predict Higgs boson production in the context of supersymmetric decay chains are examined. We also place a 95% confidence level upper limit of 1.3% on the branching fraction for the decay of a top quark to a charm quark and a Higgs boson (t→cH), which translates to a bound on the left- and right-handed top-charm flavor-violating Higgs Yukawa couplings, λtcH and λctH, respectively, of |λtcH|2+|λctH|2<0.21