Hongos macroscópicos en un bosque de niebla intervenido, vereda Chicoral, Valle del Cauca, Colombia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of macroscopic fungi in forest intervened at Bitaco Forest Reserve, Vereda Chicoral, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Monthly collections were made for six months in three vegetable toppings types: pasture, very disturbed secondary forest and riparian forest. We collected 334 specimens, corresponding to 112 morphospecies of fungi included in 63 genera and 41 families. Of these fungi, 31 were Ascomycota and 80 Basidiomycota. The greatest wealth corresponded to the genera Mycena and Xylaria with 12 species, followed by Marasmius with nine species, while 54 genera showed only one specie. Of all the species found, 31 are new records for the Valle del Cauca. On the other hand, species Chromocyphella muscicola, Crepidotus brunswickianus, Favolaschia cinnabarina, Favolaschia dealbata, Hygrocybe chlorophana, Hygrocybe earlei and Hygrocybe cf. trojan, are reported for the first time to Colombia.El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la diversidad de hongos macroscópicos presentes en un bosque intervenido de la Reserva Forestal Bitaco, vereda Chicoral, Valle del Cauca (Colombia). Se hicieron colectas mensuales durante seis meses en tres tipos de coberturas vegetales: potrero, bosque secundario muy perturbado y bosque ripario. Se colectaron 334 especímenes, los cuales corresponden a 112 morfoespecies de hongos incluidas en 63 géneros y 41 familias. De estos hongos, 31 son Ascomycota y 80 Basidiomycota. La mayor riqueza correspondió a los géneros Mycena y Xylaria con 12 especies, seguidos de Marasmius con nueve especies, mientras que 54 géneros sólo presentaron una especie. Del total de especies encontradas, 31 son registros nuevos para el Valle del Cauca. Por otro lado, las especies Chromocyphella muscicola, Crepidotus brunswickianus, Favolaschia cinnabarina, Favolaschia dealbata, Hygrocybe chlorophana, Hygrocybe earlei e Hygrocybe cf. troyana, son reportados por primera vez para Colombia

Diversidad de líquenes Cortícolas en el bosque Subandino de la finca Zíngara (Cali, Valle del Cauca)

The aim of this study was to contribute to the knowledge of lichen diversity in Valle del Cauca. For this, five individuals of five tree species (phorophytes) were selected and lichens species were identified present in a 0.50x0.20 m2 quadrant located in the trunk of each tree at a height of 1.3 m. Sixty-nine species of lichens were found, of which 37 were identified to species, 18 to genus and 14 were not determined because they were sterile or had no spores. Most species of lichens (59 species) were crustaceans, 6 foliose, 1 squamulae, 1 dimorphic, 1 gelatinous, and 1 filamentous.Twenty-seven genera were grouped into 16 families. The genera with the greatest number of species were Herpothallon (12), Pyrenula (4), Graphis (4), Arthonia, Phaeographis, and Coenogonium (3). The Arthoniaceae family was the best represented (15 species), followed by Graphidaceae (12), Thelotremataceae (7), and Pyrenulaceae (4). On the other hand, Cladonaceae, Collemataceae, Pilocarpaceae, Porinaceae, Roccelaceae, and Ramalinaceae families presented only one species. Considering the differences in the area and the type of sampling (25,000 cm2), the diversity of the site is very high compared to other places like the Central Andes of Colombia (173 species) in a low rain forest in Venezuela (250 species), in Ecuador (45 species), in a mountain forest in Costa Rica, in a low rain forest in Guyana (114 species) and in a tropical rainforest in northern Brazil (150 species).El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo contribuir al conocimiento de la diversidad de los líquenes del Valle del Cauca mediante un registro preliminar de estos organismos en el Bosque Subandino de la Finca Zíngara. Para esto, se seleccionaron cinco individuos de cinco especies de árboles (forófitos) y se identificaron las especies de líquenes presentes en un cuadrante de 0,50 x 0,20 m2 ubicado en el tronco de cada árbol a 1,3 m de altura. Se encontraron 69 morfoespecies de líquenes, de los cuales 37 fueron determinados hasta especie, 18 hasta género y 14 no fueron determinados debido a que estaban estériles o no presentaban esporas. La mayoría de las especies de líquenes (59 especies) fueron crustáceos, 6 fueron foliosos, 1 escuamuloso, 1 dimórfico, 1 gelatinoso y 1 filamentoso. Se hallaron 27 géneros agrupados en 16 familias. Los géneros con el mayor número de especies fueron Herpothallon (12 especies), Pyrenula (4 ), Graphis (4), Arthonia, Coenogonium y Phaeographis (3). La familia Arthoniaceae fue la mejor representada (15 especies), seguida de Graphidaceae (12), Thelotremataceae (7) y Pyrenulaceae (4). Por otro lado, las familiasCladoniaceae, Collemataceae, Pilocarpaceae, Porinaceae, Ramalinaceae y Roccelaceae presentaron una especie. Teniendo en cuenta las diferencias en el área y el tipo de muestreo (25.000 cm2), la diversidad del sitio es muy alta comparada con otros lugares como la cordillera central de Colombia (173 especies), en un bosque húmedo bajo de Venezuela (250 especies), en Ecuador (45 especies), en un bosque montano en Costa Rica, en un bosque húmedo bajo en Guyana (114 especies) y en un bosque húmedo tropical en el norte de Brasil (150 especies)

Diagnostico financiero y análisis bursátil Nestlé S.A

análisis de información presentada en los estados financieros de Nestlé SA en los periodos 2020,2021 y 2022 para las organizaciones sus ideas de inversión ampliación, mejora de infraestructura mediante diagnostico financiero para Nestlé s.aanalysis of information presented in the financial statements of Nestlé SA in the periods 2020, 2021 and 2022 for organizations, their investment ideas, expansion, improvement of infrastructure through financial diagnosis for Nestlé s.a

ESTERILIZACIÓN DE TEJIDOS CELULARES

Since the 1950s, they have been described skin storage procedures, thanks to advances in health sciences worldwide, in currently several methods have been described for obtaining sterile cell tissues suitable to be implanted in a human being and to guarantee both its operation and its harmlessness. Some of The methods described are ionizing radiation, ethylene oxide, the use of antibiotics an antifungals and the Immersion in 70% alcohol and acetone. Of these, the one better meets the objective are ionizing radiation mainl gamma radiation (there is already a plant in the country). In Costa Rica, to this day we have a Bank of Eyes, a Tissue Bank and the first Bank of Bone Tissues of Central America.Desde la década de los años 50 se han descrito procedimientos de almacenamiento de piel, gracias a los avances en ciencias de la salud a nivel mundial, en la actualidad se han descrito varios métodos empleados para la obtención de tejidos celulares estériles aptos para ser implantados en un ser humano y que garanticen tanto su funcionamiento como su inocuidad. Algunos de los métodos descritos son las radiaciones ionizantes, el óxido de etileno, el uso de antibióticos y antimicóticos y la inmersión en alcohol al 70% y acetona. De éstos, el que mejor cumple el objetivo son las radiaciones ionizantes principalmente la radiación gamma (ya hay una planta en el país). En Costa Rica, al día de hoy se tiene un Banco de Ojos, un Banco de Tejidos y el primer Banco de Tejidos Óseos de Centroamérica.&nbsp

Implementación de un programa de farmacovigilancia para el uso adecuado de medicamentos fitoterapéuticos y otros fármacos

El presente trabajo permite proponer una guía para la implementación de programas institucionales de Farmacovigilancia, orientado a prestadores de servicios de salud resaltando la importancia que tienen en esta actividad; profundizará la manera adecuada de una guía más oportuna para la implementación del programa de farmacovigilancia en una IPS de baja complejidad, con el objetivo de sensibilizar a los profesionales de la salud, de que la Farmacovigilancia no solo se limita en generar un reporte de reacción adversa a medicamentos, sino que debe que debe incluir todas las acciones dirigidas a garantizar la seguridad de los usuarios-pacientes durante y después de la administración de un fármaco. Se implementa la metodología descriptiva con un enfoque cualitativo ya que analiza y narra los pasos con sus respectivos resultados para la elaboración y validación de la guía, cómo es y cómo se manifiesta la implementación del programa institucional y sus componentes. También se describen los objetivos de la farmacovigilancia donde el principal es, contribuir al uso seguro y racional de los medicamentos mediante la detección, supervisión, evaluación y prevención, mediante métodos más rápidos y eficaces para generar “alertas” o hipótesis de causalidad o “señales”. Palabras Clave: Farmacovigilancia, Fitoterapéutico, Normatividad, Reacción AdversaHe present work allows proposing a guide for the implementation of institutional pharmacovigilance programs, oriented to health service providers, highlighting the importance they have in this activity; It will deepen the appropriate way of a more timely guide for the implementation of the pharmacovigilance program in a low complexity IPS, with the aim of sensitizing health professionals, that pharmacovigilance is not only limited to generate a report of adverse drug reaction, but should include all actions aimed at ensuring the safety of users-patients during and after the administration of a drug. This work is carried out by means of a descriptive methodology with a qualitative approach since it analyzes and narrates the steps with their respective results for the elaboration and validation of the guide, how it is and how the implementation of the institutional program and its components is manifested. It also describes the objectives of pharmacovigilance where the main one is to contribute to the safe and rational use of medicines through detection, monitoring, evaluation and prevention by means of a program with faster and more effective methods to generate "alerts" or hypotheses of causality or "signals". Keywords: Pharmacovigilance, Phytotherapeutic, Normativity, Adverse Reaction

Prevalence of Lynch Syndrome among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Endometrial Cancers

Background: Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition that increases the risk for endometrial and other cancers. The identification of endometrial cancer (EC) patients with LS has the potential to influence life-saving interventions. We aimed to study the prevalence of LS among EC patients in our population. Methods: Universal screening for LS was applied for a consecutive series EC. Tumor testing using microsatellite instability (MSI), immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch-repair (MMR) protein expression and MLH1-methylation analysis, when required, was used to select LS-suspicious cases. Sequencing of corresponding MMR genes was performed. Results: One hundred and seventy-three EC (average age, 63 years) were screened. Sixty-one patients (35%) had abnormal IHC or MSI results. After MLH1 methylation analysis, 27 cases were considered suspicious of LS. From these, 22 were contacted and referred for genetic counseling. Nineteen pursued genetic testing and eight were diagnosed of LS. Mutations were more frequent in younger patients (<50 yrs). Three cases had either intact IHC or MSS and reinforce the need of implement the EC screening with both techniques. Conclusion: The prevalence of LS among EC patients was 4.6% (8/173); with a predictive frequency of 6.6% in the Spanish population. Universal screening of EC for LS is recommended.This study was supported by Conselleria Sanidad Comunidad Valenciana, Spain (AP/177/10) (http://www.san.gva.es/); Biomedical Research Foundations of the Alicante University Hospital (PI14/2006 and NI02/2011) (http://www.dep19.san.gva.es/); and the Elche University Hospital, Spain (FIBElx-CO11/03) (http://www.dep20.san.gva.es/)

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacol&oacute;gico y relaci&oacute;n con el control metab&oacute;lico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal cr&oacute;nico con hemodi&aacute;lisis en Bogot&aacute;, ColombiaAmputaci&oacute;n de extremidades inferiores: &iquest;est&aacute;n aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en j&oacute;venes universitariosC&oacute;mo crecen ni&ntilde;os normales de 2 a&ntilde;os que son sobrepeso a los 7 a&ntilde;osDiagn&oacute;stico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Regi&oacute;n MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervenci&oacute;n con ejercicio f&iacute;sico, en ni&ntilde;os con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirug&iacute;a bari&aacute;trica en pacientes con s&iacute;ndrome metab&oacute;lico e IMC &lt; 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades cr&oacute;nicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiolog&iacute;a de las muertes hospitalarias por patolog&iacute;as relacionadas a muerte encef&aacute;lica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4&ordm; medio de la Regi&oacute;n de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluaci&oacute;n del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en poblaci&oacute;n universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de Tarapac&aacute;Implicancias psicosociales en la g&eacute;nesis, evoluci&oacute;n y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensi&oacute;n arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducci&oacute;n de nuevas TIC y mejor&iacute;a de la asistencia a un programa de saludNi&ntilde;os obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por c&aacute;ncer de cuello uterino en R&iacute;o de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicaci&oacute;n en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en poblaci&oacute;n preescolar y su relaci&oacute;n con malnutrici&oacute;n por excesoPrevalencia de retinopat&iacute;a diab&eacute;tica en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacol&oacute;gica antihipertensiva en poblaci&oacute;n mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biol&oacute;gico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad p&uacute;blica del estado de S&atilde;o Paul

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Long-term thermal sensitivity of Earth’s tropical forests

The sensitivity of tropical forest carbon to climate is a key uncertainty in predicting global climate change. Although short-term drying and warming are known to affect forests, it is unknown if such effects translate into long-term responses. Here, we analyze 590 permanent plots measured across the tropics to derive the equilibrium climate controls on forest carbon. Maximum temperature is the most important predictor of aboveground biomass (−9.1 megagrams of carbon per hectare per degree Celsius), primarily by reducing woody productivity, and has a greater impact per °C in the hottest forests (>32.2°C). Our results nevertheless reveal greater thermal resilience than observations of short-term variation imply. To realize the long-term climate adaptation potential of tropical forests requires both protecting them and stabilizing Earth’s climate

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks