Productive characteristics of pak choi (chinese white cabbage) grown over different soil cover materials and under floating blanket

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas do repolho branco chinês, em função do uso de diferentes materiais de cobertura do solo e de manta flutuante sobre as plantas. O experimento foi conduzido na estação experimental Professor Dr. Antônio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa, da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em dois fatores. No primeiro fator (parcela) ficaram alocados os tratamentos de cobertura da planta com manta flutuante (com e sem manta), e no segundo fator (subparcela) os tratamentos de cobertura do solo (plástico preto, agrotêxtil preto, palha de tifton, e testemunha). As características avaliadas foram altura e diâmetro da planta, massa fresca da cabeça, massa fresca das folhas, massa fresca dos pecíolos, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca de folhas, massa seca dos pecíolos e massa seca total. A cobertura do solo com filme preto se apresentou como uma alternativa que permite melhorar as características produtivas do pak choi. Com relação ao uso de manta flutuante pode-se dizer que sua utilização não se apresenta eficiente para cultivo do pak choi branco, em condições de temperaturas moderadas. This study aimed to evaluate the production characteristics of Pak Choi, due to the use of different mulching materials and floating blanket over the plants. The experiment was conducted at the experimental station Dr. Antonio Carlos dos Santos Pessoa of the Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná. The design was a randomized block in split plot, with four replications, with treatments distributed in two factors. In the first factor (plot) were allocated the plant covering treatments with floating blanket (with and without floating blanket), and the second factor (subplot) soil cover treatments (black plastic, black agrotextile tifton straw and bare soil). The characteristics evaluated were height and diameter of the plant, fresh weight of the head, fresh mass of leaves, fresh weight of petioles, leaf number, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, dry weight of petioles and total dry mass. The soil cover with black plastic is presented as an alternative that improves the productive characteristics of pak choi. Regarding the floating blanket use it can be said that their use does not appear effective for cultivation of pak choi white, under conditions of moderate temperatures.El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características productivas del repollo blanco chino, en función del uso de diferentes materiales de cobertura del suelo y de manta fluctuante sobre las plantas. El experimento fue realizado en la estación experimental Profesor Dr. Antonia Carlos dos Santos persona, de la Universidad Estadual do Oeste do Parana. El diseño experimental utilizado fue de blocos al azar, en esquema de parcelas subdivididas, con cuatro repeticiones, siendo los tratamientos distribuidos en dos factores. En el primer factor (parcela) quedaron agrupados los tratamientos de cobertura de la planta con manta fluctuante (con y sin manta), y en el segundo factor (subparcela) los tratamientos de cobertura de suelo (plástico negro, agrotextil negro, rastrojo de tifton y testigo). Las características evaluadas fueron altura y diámetro de la planta, masa fresca de la cabeza, masa fresca de las hojas, masa fresca de los peciolos, numero de hojas, área foliar, masa seca de las hojas, masa seca de los peciolos y masa seca total. La cobertura del suelo con filme negro se presentó como una alternativa que permite mejorar las características productivas del pak choi, con relación al uso de manta fluctuante se puede decir que su utilización no se presenta eficiente para el cultivo de pak choi blanco, en condiciones de temperaturas moderadas

RESISTÊNCIA DO SOLO À PENETRAÇÃO DAS RAÍZES AVALIADA POR DOIS PENETRÔMETROS EM UMA ÁREA CULTIVADA COM MANDIOCA

A compactação é um fator limitante ao crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Ela surge principalmente devido à utilização de máquinas e implementos em condições inadequadas de manejo. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em um solo de textura média, parâmetros físicos ligados à compactação, tais como: densidade, porosidade e resistência do solo a penetração (RP) em uma área cultivada com mandioca que se encontrava no 1° ano de desenvolvimento. Além disso, também foram mensurados os valores de resistência à penetração nesta área utilizando dois modelos distintos de penetrômetros: de impacto e de anel dinamométrico. O experimento foi conduzido no Campus do Arenito, localizado em Cidade Gaúcha – PR. O solo foi classificado como Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, textura média. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a área apresenta elevada densidade e baixa macroporosidade. Com relação à resistência do solo à penetração, obteve-se maiores valores nas camadas entre 0,20 a 0,40 m, para ambos penetrômetros, possivelmente devido ao efeito do “pé-de-grade” e/ou “pé-de-arado”. O penetrômetro de impacto apresentou, nas camadas abaixo de 0,10 m, os maiores valores de resistência do solo a penetração. O coeficiente de correlação entre os penetrômetros foi de 0,75

Yield and quality of melon under silicon doses and irrigation management in a greenhouse

The netted melon requires special growing conditions, including a protected environment, an adequate staking system and proper water and nutrient management. This study aimed to assess the effect of irrigation levels and silicon doses on the yield and quality of Sunrise hybrid melons, in a greenhouse. A randomized block design was used, with a 5 x 3 factorial scheme and four replications. The first factor consisted of five silicon doses (0 kg ha-1, 50 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 150 kg ha-1 and 200 kg ha-1) and the second of three irrigation levels (40 %, 70 % and 100 % of the ETc). The results demonstrated that the applied irrigation levels and silicon doses have no influence on the yield traits of melon plants. The irrigation level corresponding to 100 % of the ETc promotes higher values for soluble solids (9.86 ºBrix) and maturation index (114.9) on fruits. The increase of silicon doses up to 200 kg ha-1 also increases the maturation index in the treatment with the greatest irrigation level and reduces this index at the shallowest level applied

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Netmelon fertigated by drip system and doses of silicon in greenhouse

This work was conducted from November 12, 2015 to February 19, 2016, in a protected environment at the Technical Center of Irrigation (CTI), belonging to the Department of Agronomy (DAG) of the State University of Maringá - UEM. The objective was to quantify the water consumption, the crop coefficients and also to evaluate the effects of three slides of water and five doses of silicon, applied by drip fertigation during the development of the net melon plant, Sunrise hybrid. The first experiment did not fit any statistical design, because no treatments were tested, only direct reads of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) were carried out by means of a constant water table lysimeter. The reference evapotranspiration (ETo) was calculated by the Penman-Monteih-FAO method and the mean values of the crop coefficient (Kc). In the second experiment the experimental design was in randomized blocks (DBC) in a 5 x 3 factorial scheme, resulting in 15 treatments, with four replications. The first factor consisted of five doses of silicon (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1) and the second factor of three water slides (40, 70 and 100% ETc). The mean fruit mass, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the fruit, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the locule, fruit shape index, locule index, pulp thickness and productivity were evaluated. Some chemical parameters, such as pH, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and soluble solubility ratio and titratable acidity ("ratio") were also evaluated. The total water consumption of the melon crop was 295 mm. The recommended Kc values of the melon cultivated in protected environment in the municipality of Maringá - PR, are 0,87; 1.15; 0.64 for the initial, intermediate and final stages, respectively. The water slides and the applied silicon doses did not influence the values of mean fruit mass, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the fruit, transverse and longitudinal diameter of the locule, fruit shape index, locule index, pulp thickness and productivity . The water depth of 100% of the evapotranspiration of the melon crop promoted higher values of soluble solids and ratio.Este trabalho foi conduzido no período de 12 de novembro de 2015 a 19 de fevereiro de 2016, em ambiente protegido no Centro Técnico de Irrigação (CTI), pertencente ao Departamento de Agronomia (DAG) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM. O objetivo foi quantificar o consumo de água, os coeficientes da cultura e também avaliar os efeitos de três lâminas de água e de cinco doses de silício, aplicados via fertirrigação por gotejamento ao longo do desenvolvimento da cultura do meloeiro, híbrido Sunrise. O primeiro experimento não se enquadra a nenhum delineamento estatístico, pois não foram testados tratamentos, e sim, realizado leituras diretas de evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) por meio de lisímetro de lençol freático constante. Foram calculados a evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) pelo método de Penman- Monteih (FAO) e os valores médios de coeficiente da cultura (Kc). No segundo experimento, o delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso (DBC) em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, resultando em 15 tratamentos, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator consistiu de cinco doses de silício (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg ha-1) e o segundo fator de três lâminas de água (40, 70 e 100% da ETc). Foram avaliados a massa média dos frutos, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal do fruto, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal do lóculo, índice de formato do fruto, índice de formato do lóculo, espessura da polpa e a produtividade. Também foram avaliados alguns parâmetros químicos, como pH, teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e a relação sólidos solúveis e acidez titulável ("ratio"). O consumo total de água da cultura do melão foi de 295 mm. Os valores recomendados de Kc do melão rendilhado cultivado em ambiente protegido no município de Maringá - PR, são de 0,87; 1,15; 0,64 para o estádio inicial, intermediário e final, respectivamente. As lâminas de água e as doses de silício aplicadas não influenciaram os valores de massa média de frutos, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal do fruto, diâmetro transversal e longitudinal do lóculo, índice formato do fruto, índice de formato do lóculo, espessura da polpa e produtividade. A lâmina de água referente a 100% da evapotranspiração da cultura do melão promoveu maiores valores de sólidos solúveis e ratio.xii, 66