Escuelas de gobierno como centros de excelencia em gestión pública: la perspectiva de la ENAP-Brasil

El papel de las escuelas de gobierno ha evolucionado, en el contexto de las reformas gerenciales del sector público. Si su origen fue en líneas generales caracterizado por el propósito de formar la futura elite burocrática, teniendo como referencia a los modelos francés y alemán, su desafío actual es capacitar a los cuadros existentes, sobre todo gerenciales y directivos, y formar nuevos profesionales para el sector público que se comprometan en la superación de la cultura burocrática y en el ejercicio de los valores republicanos. El presente texto discute las implicaciones derivadas del desafío actual de las escuelas de gobierno, en la búsqueda por convertirse en centros de excelencia en gestión pública, a partir de la perspectiva de la ENAP-Brasil y de su inserción en el contexto de la reforma gerencial del Estado, en proceso en Brasil desde 1995.Número de páginas: 9 p.Escola de GovernoArtigo apresentado no VI congresso internacional del CLAD sobre la Reforma del Estado y de la Administración Pública, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 5-9 noviembre 2001

Federalism and health expenditures: competition and cooperation in the metropolitan region of São Paulo

O objetivo do trabalho é examinar implicações da estrutura federativa brasileira na avaliação comparativa de desempenho dos gastos públicos no setor saúde. Busca discutir a responsabilização dos gestores públicos municipais e avaliar a eficiência técnica dos municípios da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo nas ações de atenção básica à saúde. A atenção básica é a única subfunção de competência exclusiva dos gestores locais; as demais ações em saúde são compartilhadas entre os próprios municípios e com os outros entes federativos, União e estados. Para explorar as características de cooperação e competição do federalismo, são analisados dados levantados relativos aos municípios e agregados para as diferentes regiões de saúde que compõem a Região Metropolitana. O foco do estudo é a avaliação da eficiência técnica, capacidade de uma entidade obter máximos outputs com menor quantidade de insumos, realizada com o uso da metodologia Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Os resultados indicam grande dispersão dos dados dos municípios tanto em termos de despesa quanto da quantidade de procedimentos realizados, incluindo a cobertura dos principais programas de atenção básica, o Programa de Saúde da Família e o Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde; e apontam menos de 20% dos municípios como eficientes. A análise dos municípios dentro de suas respectivas regiões sugere a prevalência de práticas de competição sobre as de cooperação. Tais informações podem contribuir para melhorar a integração dos serviços de saúde em redes de atenção e para repensar os pactos estabelecidos entre os municípios de uma determinada região de saúde. Além disso, este artigo, ao apontar potencialidades e limites de metodologias/técnicas para geração de informações úteis à tomada de decisão, pode contribuir para o debate atual em torno da controladoria no setor público.The objective of this investigation was to examine the implications of the Brazilian federative structure in the comparative evaluation of publicspending performance in the health sector. Its further aim was to discuss the accountability of municipal public administrators and evaluate the technical efficiency of the municipalities of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region in terms of primary health-care. Primary health-care is the only sub-function that is the exclusive responsibility of local managers. Other health responsibilities are shared by the municipalities and the other federation entities, union and states. To explore the characteristics of cooperative and competitive federalism, data collected from the municipalities and aggregated for the different health regions that comprise the metropolitan region were analyzed. The study's focus was the technical efficiency, which is theability of an entity to obtain maximum outputs with fewer inputs. The analysis was performed using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The results showed a wide dispersion of municipality data in terms of both expenditure and the number of procedures performed, including coverage of the main primary health-care programs: the Family Health Program (Programa de Saúde da Família - PSF) and the Community Health Agents Program (Programa de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde - PACS). The results show that less than 20% of the municipalities are efficient. The analysis of the municipalities within their respective regions suggests the prevalence of competitive over cooperative practices. Such information may help improve the integration of services in health-care networks and encourage the reconsideration of the agreements existing between municipalities in a given health-care region. Furthermore, this article can contribute to the current debate on controllership in the public sector by outlining the potentialities and limitations of the methods used to generate information for decision making

Echocardiographic evaluation during weaning from mechanical ventilation

INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables can change during weaning from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze changes in cardiac function, using Doppler echocardiogram, in critical patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation, using two different weaning methods: pressure support ventilation and T-tube; and comparing patient subgroups: success vs. failure in weaning. METHODS: Randomized crossover clinical trial including patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h and considered ready for weaning. Cardiorespiratory variables, oxygenation, electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiogram findings were analyzed at baseline and after 30 min in pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Pressure support ventilation vs. T-tube and weaning success vs. failure were compared using ANOVA and Student's t-test. The level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-four adult patients were evaluated. Seven patients failed at the first weaning attempt. No echocardiographic or electrocardiographic differences were observed between pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Weaning failure patients presented increases in left atrium, intraventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness and diameter of left ventricle and shorter isovolumetric relaxation time. Successfully weaned patients had higher levels of oxygenation. CONCLUSION: No differences were observed between Doppler echocardiographic variables and electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables during pressure support ventilation and T-tube. However cardiac structures were smaller, isovolumetric relaxation time was larger, and oxygenation level was greater in successfully weaned patient

Search for dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks in √s = 13 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for weakly interacting massive particle dark matter produced in association with bottom or top quarks is presented. Final states containing third-generation quarks and miss- ing transverse momentum are considered. The analysis uses 36.1 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data recorded by the ATLAS experiment at √s = 13 TeV in 2015 and 2016. No significant excess of events above the estimated backgrounds is observed. The results are in- terpreted in the framework of simplified models of spin-0 dark-matter mediators. For colour- neutral spin-0 mediators produced in association with top quarks and decaying into a pair of dark-matter particles, mediator masses below 50 GeV are excluded assuming a dark-matter candidate mass of 1 GeV and unitary couplings. For scalar and pseudoscalar mediators produced in association with bottom quarks, the search sets limits on the production cross- section of 300 times the predicted rate for mediators with masses between 10 and 50 GeV and assuming a dark-matter mass of 1 GeV and unitary coupling. Constraints on colour- charged scalar simplified models are also presented. Assuming a dark-matter particle mass of 35 GeV, mediator particles with mass below 1.1 TeV are excluded for couplings yielding a dark-matter relic density consistent with measurements

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe