O PROCESSO DE CONSTITUIÇÃO DO SUJEITO HISTÓRICO E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A ALFABETIZAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS

Este artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma reflexão acerca de como acontecem o processo de desenvolvimento humano e o da constituição do homem como um sujeito histórico condicionado sócio-culturalmente, bem como refletir sobre como pode acontecer, por meio da alfabetização, a humanização de sujeitos inseridos na educação destinada a jovens e adultos

Um estudo acerca da imaginação infantil nas ações de desenhar e brincar de faz de conta no contato com histórias infantis

Este artigo é parte da pesquisa de doutorado realizada junto ao Programa de Pós graduação em Educação da UNESP, campus de Marília e tem como objetivo investigar o processo da constituição da imaginação infantil no contato com as histórias infantis. Para tanto, foram adotados como referencial os estudos de Vigotski (2009) e colaboradores, para buscar respostas ao problema proposto: o contato com as histórias infantis pode favorecer o desenvolvimento da imaginação infantil? A metodologia para a análise foi a pesquisa qualitativa do tipo interpretativa. Adotando os instrumentos de observação, diário de campo, coleta dos diálogos nos momentos lúdicos e desenhos obtidos após a leitura das histórias. A geração dos dados deu-se nos anos de 2012 e 2013 com 25 crianças de quatro e cinco anos. Nas considerações finais afirma-se que a imaginação é desenvolvida nas relações históricas dos sujeitos, como sistema complexo do psiquismo, depende das situações e experiências no meio cultural

Cartas pessoais entre crianças brasileiras, portuguesas e angolanas

Cet article analyse les données obtenus, entre 2008 et 2009, dans le projet d'extension et de recherche sur les échanges internationaux de lettres entre enseignants et élèves d'écoles primaires dans les villes de Garça et Marilia (São Paulo, Brésil), avec une école de Azaruja (Portugal) et une de Luanda (Angola). Il a été développé par une équipe d'étudiants et d'enseignants, UNESP, Marília, afin de promouvoir l'échange des lettres personnelles afin que des élèves, entre 8 et 9 ans, peuvent prendre possession de la langue écrite le portugais et de la comprendre comme un instrument ancré dans la culture. Le choix de ce genre dans le monde du genre épistolaire, a été fait par la promotion de la participation de l'Autre dans la configuration des relations dialogiques de renforcement des déclarations, pris comme référence dans une conception bakhtinienne du langage. Destiné aux : (1) dans les lettres échangées entre les enseignants et d'étudiants dans les premières années les Portugais, les Brésiliens et les Angolais – font preuve de comportements de création qui pourrait marquer le début d'autonomie dans l'utilisation de la modalité langue écrite, ou un comportement des soumission; (2) mettre en évidence le contenu culturel des outils linguistiques utilisés pour construire les indicateurs figurant sur les habitudes de chaque peuple,et les actions faites à l'école. Pour la génération de données le principe de la recherche-action a été utilisé ce qui a permis l'action directe, avec les enseignants brésiliens, et indirect, avec les enseignants étrangers. L'analyse du corpus de lettres échangées entre des enseignants et des étudiants montre que l'appropriation de la langue comme un acte de parole dans la réalisation de relations humaines au sein de la vieille correspondance personnelle fait un puissant instrument de développement dans le domaine de la langue écrite.This article analyzes the data resultant of the accomplishment, between 2008 and 2009, of an extension and research project on the international exchange of letters between teachers and students from elementary schools in the towns of Garça and Marília, São Paulo State, Brazil, with a school in the city of Azaruja, Portugal and another in the city of Luanda, Angola. It was developed by a team of students and teachers, UNESP, Marília, in order to promote the exchange via personal letters for that students, between 8 and 9 years old, could take possession of the written language, in this case Portuguese, and understand it as an instrument steeped in culture. The choice of this kind in the world of the epistolary genre was made because it promotes the participation of the Other in the configuration of dialogic relations in the elaboration of the statements, taken as a reference in a Bakhtinian conception of language. It aimed to (1) point, in the letters exchanged between teachers and students between the Portuguese, Brazilians and Angolans in the early years, the evidence of authorship linguistic behavior that could signal the beginning of autonomy in the use of the written modality of language, or signs of submissive behavior; (2) reveal the cultural content of language tools used to construct indicators listed on the customs of each people, including those constituting school doings. For the generation of data were used principles of action research, which enabled direct action, along with Brazilian teachers, and indirectly, in the case of the foreign teachers. From the analysis of the corpus of research - letters exchanged between teachers and students - it is clear that the appropriation of language as a speech act realized in human relations makes the old personal correspondence a powerful instrument of development in the area of the written language.Este artigo analisa os resultados de dados obtidos pela realização, entre 2008 e 2009, de projeto de extensão e de pesquisa relativo à troca de cartas internacionais entre professores e alunos de escolas de ensino fundamental das cidades de Garça e Marília, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, com uma escola na cidade de Azaruja, em Portugal e outra na cidade de Luanda, Angola. Foi desenvolvido por equipe de alunos e professores da UNESP de Marília, com a finalidade de promover o intercâmbio por meio de cartas pessoais, para que os alunos, entre 8 e 9 anos de idade, pudessem se apropriar da língua escrita, no caso a portuguesa, e compreendê-la como instrumento impregnado da cultura. A escolha desse gênero, no universo do gênero epistolar, foi feita por propiciar a participação do outro na configuração de relações dialógicas de construção de enunciados, tomadas como referência em uma concepção bakhtiniana de linguagem. Teve como objetivos (1) apontar, nas cartas trocadas, entre professores, e entre os alunos portugueses, brasileiros e angolanos, nos primeiros anos escolares, os indícios de assunção de condutas linguísticas de autoria que poderiam sinalizar o início da autonomia no uso da modalidade escrita de linguagem, ou indícios de condutas de submissão; (2) revelar os instrumentos linguísticos de teor cultural utilizados na construção de enunciados indicadores dos costumes de cada povo, entre eles os que constituem os fazeres escolares. Para a geração dos dados foram utilizados princípios de pesquisa-ação, que possibilitaram a ação direta, junto aos professores brasileiros, e indireta, no caso dos docentes estrangeiros. Da análise do corpus da pesquisa - cartas trocadas entre professores e alunos – constata-se que a apropriação da língua como um ato discursivo em realização no seio das relações humanas faz da velha correspondência pessoal um instrumento poderoso de evolução no domínio da língua escrita

Contribuições do professor para a aprendizagem de atos de escrita

Este artigo objetiva discutir as contribuições do professor para a aprendizagem de atos de escrita a partir do trabalho de produção textual de crianças do sexto ano, que ainda não dominavam de forma adequada a escrita convencional. Com base nos dados gerados por meio da metodologia de pesquisa-ação, foram estabelecidos diálogos com alguns princípios da Teoria Histórico-Cultural sobre o ensino, a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento e com pressupostos do Círculo de Bakhtin em relação ao ensino por meio dos gêneros do discurso. Concluiu-se que, a partir da produção de enunciados inseridos em situação extraverbal, as crianças se apropriam dos atos de escrita

Internationalisation and migrant academics: the hidden narratives of mobility

Internationalisation is a dominant policy discourse in higher education today. It is invariably presented as an ideologically neutral, coherent, disembodied, knowledgedriven policy intervention - an unconditional good. Yet it is a complex assemblage of values linked not only to economic growth and prosperity, but also to global citizenship, transnational identity capital, social cohesion, intercultural competencies and soft power (Clifford and Montgomery 2014; De Wit et al. 2015; Kim 2017; Lomer 2016; Stier 2004). Mobility is the sine qua non of the global academy (Sheller 2014). International movements, flows and networks are perceived as valuable transnational and transferable identity capital and as counterpoints to intellectual parochialism. Fluidity metaphors abound as an antidote to stasis e.g. flows, flux and circulations (Urry 2007). For some, internationalisation is conceptually linked to the political economy of neoliberalism and the spatial extension of the market, risking commodification and commercialisation (Matus and Talburt 2009). Others raise questions about what/whose knowledge is circulating and whether internationalisation is a form of re-colonisation and convergence that seeks to homogenise higher education systems (Stromquist 2007). Internationalisation policies and practices, it seems, are complex entanglements of economic, political, social and affective domains. They are mechanisms for driving the global knowledge 2 economy and the fulfilment of personal aspirations (Hoffman 2009). Academic geographical mobility is often conflated with social mobility and career advancement (Leung 2017). However, Robertson (2010: 646) suggested that ‘the romance of movement and mobility ought to be the first clue that this is something we ought to be particularly curious about.

Population genomics of cardiometabolic traits: design of the University College London-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine-Edinburgh-Bristol (UCLEB) Consortium.

Substantial advances have been made in identifying common genetic variants influencing cardiometabolic traits and disease outcomes through genome wide association studies. Nevertheless, gaps in knowledge remain and new questions have arisen regarding the population relevance, mechanisms, and applications for healthcare. Using a new high-resolution custom single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array (Metabochip) incorporating dense coverage of genomic regions linked to cardiometabolic disease, the University College-London School-Edinburgh-Bristol (UCLEB) consortium of highly-phenotyped population-based prospective studies, aims to: (1) fine map functionally relevant SNPs; (2) precisely estimate individual absolute and population attributable risks based on individual SNPs and their combination; (3) investigate mechanisms leading to altered risk factor profiles and CVD events; and (4) use Mendelian randomisation to undertake studies of the causal role in CVD of a range of cardiovascular biomarkers to inform public health policy and help develop new preventative therapies

National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio : a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and nonHDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since similar to 1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at similar to 0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as similar to 0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to similar to 26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks