Zone Refining of Raw Materials for Metal Halide Scintillator Crystal Growth

In recent years, scintillators have been researched for homeland security applications where properties such as high light output and low energy resolution are required for efficient gamma ray spectroscopy. Several promising scintillators, including SrI2 [Strontium Iodide], CsSrI3 [Cesium Strontium Iodide], and KSr2I5 [Potassium Strontium Iodide] are activated with EuI2 [Europium Iodide]. The quality of EuI2 raw material is generally poor and inconsistent as-received from the manufacturer. Material purity is known to affect its scintillation performance, and so purification processes have been investigated to improve the performance of Eu-doped [Europium-doped] scintillators. In this work, zone refining is explored as a method to purify EuI2 while ICP-MS [Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy], DSC [Differential Scanning Calorimetry], and scintillation performance are used to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. It is seen that zone refining results in effective purification of the material at the center of the charge, as expected. Comparison of the light output and energy resolution of the as-received EuI2 with that of EuI2 from each of the refining batches indicates that refining EuI2 greatly improves the performance of the material. Based on experience gained during this investigation, a miniature zone refining furnace was designed and constructed to enhance future refining efforts

Contextualising social capital in online brand communities

Online brand communities (OBC) are growing in number and becoming an increasingly important interface where marketers can effectively facilitate the relationship between their brand and consumers. A qualitative study using a four-month netnography over three OBCs followed by focus groups with OBC members explored the dynamics of social capital in these communities. Findings indicate that social capital is an important driver in the success of OBCs, and all the elements of social capital including a shared language, shared vision, social trust and reciprocity are evident. Moreover, results from this study indicate that these elements are crucial in developing the network ties that are integral to building loyalty and brand equity