Hobbits?...And what may they be?

Hobbits…And what may they be? This study considers the possible origin of the word ‘hobbit’ on the eightieth anniversary of the publication of the first edition of Tolkien’s book - The Hobbit. It examines the most widely discussed supposed origin by contemporary commentators, and undermines its credibility. Instead, it foregrounds what was originally a medieval Welsh word widely used in agricultural circles, which Tolkien may have encountered in his youth. Proof that the word had a widespread use in a specific sector of the provincial Welsh press is amply demonstrated, and consideration is given to Tolkien’s childhood visit to Wales. Tolkien’s comments on the probable process of inspiration are examined and shown to be applicable to this example. A focus on a neglected, or underrated plausible origin of the word illustrates its true potential for being considered in the future when origins of the word are discussed

Review of the Genus \u3ci\u3eMacdunnoa\u3c/i\u3e (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) with Description of a New Species From Florida

The imago, nymph, and egg of Macdunnaa brunnea n. sp. are described from the south- eastern U.S. Heptagenia persimpiex is transferred to Macdunnoa and additional diagonostic characters are given for this species and for Macdunnoa nipawinia. The relationship of Macdunnoa to Stenacron and Stenonema is discussed

Chalcosicya maya n. sp, a new Mexican species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumoplinae) and its implications for morphology and biogeography

Chalcosicya maya, new species, (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae) is described and the species key of Blake (1951) is modified to accommodate it. This is the first known mainland species of this previously Antillean genus. Sclerotized rods in the apical segment of the ovipositor of Chalcosicya Blake and related genera are shown to be useful systematic characters within the eumolpine tribe Adoxini. Relationships with other genera suggest that Chalcosicya belongs to a clade derived from ancestors with a western Tethyian distribution.Se describe Chalcosicya maya especie nueva (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae). Esta es la primera especie conocida de tierra continente de este género previamente Antillano. La clave a las especies de Blake (1951) está modificado para acomodar esta especie nueva. Bielas esclerotizadas en el segmento apical del ovipositor en Chalcosicya y en géneros relacionados se ven como characteres filogeneticos útiles dentro del tribo Adoxini. Relaciones con otros géneros sugieren que Chalcosicya pertence a un clado derivado de ancestros con una distribución del Tethys oeste

021 PP: Dual theoretical synergy framework: Developing and refining a method for stakeholder engagement in intervention development

Stakeholder engagement and patient and public involvement (PPI) is now a key expectation within healthcare policy and in securing research funding and often needs to be evident throughout the research process. While systematic reviews and meta-analyses synthesise the best evidence for the content of behaviour change interventions, engaging stakeholders in a collaborative process of co-production could identify the best ways of implementing interventions. We developed the Dual Theoretical Synergy (DTS) Framework to work with stakeholders via expert events to identify the major systemic and psychosocial barriers and facilitators to implementing interventions in practice. The method uses facilitated group exercises to assess the acceptability of the design, content and proposed delivery mechanisms of an intervention to examine systemic, psychosocial and/or contextual barriers and facilitators to implementation, using the Theoretical Domains Framework and Normalisation Process Theory. Qualitative content analysis is used to record the key recurrent issues and to map similarities and differences in responses by domain to create a matrix of key barriers and facilitators to implementation of the candidate intervention. The matrix and a narrative summary are sent to participants for review and comment and to seek consensus on the interpretation of the data. The benefit of the method is in empowering stakeholders to think through and detail key ways of enhancing implementation of the candidate intervention, using standard theoretical constructs, and to engage in collaborative co-production of an intervention that is more likely to be adopted in the ‘real world’

Imagining interventions for collective sex environments

Frank’s (2018) article provides an excellent summary of transdisciplinary research concerned with collective sex environments, synthesizing highly diverse studies spanning five decades. The contributing papers utilize a broad range of methods and reflect many key sexual health risks across several diverse and distinct populations. For many readers, such as ourselves, with a particular interest in a single population, Frank’s synthesis provides a much needed and entirely fascinating wider perspective. This overarching vantage point can teach us about similarities and differences across populations, while simultaneously illuminating the populations and research we know so well through a different lens. As such, the paper provides an essential contribution to the literature. However, rather than champion the paper’s many strengths, within this Commentary we wish to grapple with what could be seen as its potential shortcomings. Our aim here is not be critical for the sake of it, but to somewhat playfully push debates further about many issues addressed within the paper. In this way, we wish to initiate more dialogue concerning collective sex, concomitant risks, and imaginative ways to ameliorate such risks

Barriers to uptake and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among communities most affected by HIV in the UK: findings from a qualitative study in Scotland

Objectives: To explore the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among gay, bisexual and men who have sex with men (MSM) and migrant African communities in Scotland, UK. Design: Consecutive mixed qualitative methods consisting of focus groups (FGs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) explored PrEP acceptability. Data were digitally recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically to identify anticipated and emerging themes. Setting: Participants were recruited through community sexual health and outreach support services, and from non-sexual health settings across Scotland. Participants: Inclusion criteria included identification as either MSM and/or from migrant African communities; 18 years and older; living in Scotland at the time of participation. 7 FGs were conducted (n=33): 5 with MSM (n=22) and 2 mixed-sex groups with African participants (n=11, women=8), aged 18–75 years. 34 IDIs were conducted with MSM (n=20) and African participants (n=14, women=10), aged 19–60 years. The sample included participants who were HIV-positive and HIV-negative or untested (HIV-positive FG participants, n=22; HIV-positive IDI participants, n=17). Results: Understandings of PrEP effectiveness and concerns about maintaining regular adherence were identified as barriers to potential PrEP uptake and use. Low perception of HIV risk due to existing risk management strategies meant few participants saw themselves as PrEP candidates. Participants identified risk of other sexually transmitted infections and pregnancy as a concern which PrEP did not address for either themselves or their sexual partners. PrEP emerged as a contentious issue because of the potentially negative implications it had for HIV prevention. Many participants viewed PrEP as problematic because they perceived that others would stop using condoms if PrEP was to become available. Conclusions: PrEP implementation needs to identify appropriate communication methods in the context of diverse HIV literacy; address risk-reduction concerns and; demonstrate how PrEP can be part of a safe and comprehensive risk management strategy

Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera) of Wisconsin

(excerpt) Heptageniidae are one of the most abundant and widespread components of Wisconsin\u27s aquatic insect fauna. In almost any stream with a firm substrate and free of gross pollution, the flattened nymphs can be found hiding in crevasses and under rocks, or clinging to submerged wood. Adults and nymphs are easily distinguished from mayflies of other families, nymphs by their dorsoventrally flattened head and dorsal eyes, and adults by their 5-segmented tarsi and complete wing veination. This paper presents our knowledge to date of Heptageniidae in Wisconsin