Securing urban land for housing among low‐income earners in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Case study of workers’ co‐operative society, Enugu, Nigeria

Co‐operative societies across the world have age‐old tradition of assisting members gain easy access to vital resources and services through collective efforts. This paper explores the strategies adopted by public sector workers’ co‐operative society in securing urban land for housing development. This study is motivated by dearth of empirical studies on strategies used by low‐ and middle –income earners in overcoming myriad challenges militating against access to urban land and housing in Nigerian cities. We used a qualitative research method to carry out an empirical investigation through one‐on‐one interviews with purposively selected members of Land Acquisition Committee (LAC) of the NEPA District Co‐operative Thrift and Saving Loan Association Enugu, Nigeria. Findings show that a mixture of customary,informal and formal practices involved in securing land from indigenous landowners was principally aimed at ensuring customary and statutory legitimacy as well as secured tenure. The paper concludes that co‐operative approach has great potentials in addressing problems of multiple payments for land, “indigenous land owners’ factor” and high cost of urban land in Nigeria, and therefore, should be encouraged and promoted among disadvantaged urban residents in developing countries

Productivity of Florida Springs: final report to Biology Branch, Office of Naval Research progress from December 31, 1955 to May 31, 1956

CONTENTS: Factors that control species numbers in Silver Springs, by James L. Yount. Study of the biomass of parasites in the stumpknockers, by Wanda Hunter. Macrophytic communities in Florida inland waters, by Delle N. Swindale. Comment in retrospect, by Howard T. Odum. (15pp.

Productivity of Florida Springs: Second semi-annual report to the Biology Division, Office of Naval Research progress from February 1, 1953 to June 30, 1953

During this second six months emphasis has been laid on developing a complete understanding of the metabolism of the Silver Springs ecosystem as an example of a community apparently in a steady state. Variation in phosphates, uptake of nitrates, and importance of boron have been estimated. Fluctuation of some major elements has been estimated. Examination of stomach contents has permitted trophic classifications of dominant species and the standing crops have been estimated for these species by number and by dry weight. From these a pyramid of mass has been constructed. Special attention has been paid to bacteria using 3 methods for comparison of Silver Springs with lakes and estimation of the standing crop. The oxygen gradient method has been repeated at half hourly intervals. A carbon-dioxide gradient method has also been used to check the oxygen and to obtain a photosynthetic quotient. Black and light Bell jar experiments have been initiated to obtain checks on the other production measurement and to obtain a community respiration rate. An approximate balance has resulted from estimates of production , respiration , and downstream loss. A flow rate diagram has been constructed to clarify definitions of efficiency and their relationship to a steady state system. Mr. Sloan has statistically verified the increase of insect number and variety away from the boils and demonstrated the reliability of quantitative dipping for aquatic insects. Plans for the third half year include detained and comparative study of the dominant algae and further estimates of rates of growth of all community components. (29pp.

If I Don\u27t Have Land, How Am I Going To Die?: Land and Food Insecurity in Alta Verapaz, Guatemala

This research looks at how rural families in Guatemala deal with land precarity. This research finds that families develop partial solutions that involve crop diversity, land reorganization, and the sale of food

Borderline Personality Disorder: Interventions for Adolescents and Caregivers

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) encompasses a wide range of symptoms characterized by emotional dysregulation, including challenging interpersonal relationships, impulsivity, disturbances in cognition and identity, and is often accompanied by intentional self-injury and suicidal behaviors. In this guide, emphasis is placed on three aspects of intervention: (1) clinical interventions for adolescents who meet the criteria for BPD; (2) interventions clinicians can teach to parents/caretakers so they can better work with their child’s diagnosis; and (3) due to the negative impact this can have on adolescents, clinical interventions for parents/caregivers diagnosed with or exhibiting common symptoms of BPD is also provided

The Multiplicity of Law Enforcement Agencies and the State of Law and Order in Nigeria: A Case of too many Cooks?

Abstract: Efficient law enforcement depends on the quality and outlook of the institutions and personnel saddled with this responsibility. There are several agencies in Nigeria created for the purpose of law enforcement. Despite the multiplicity of these agencies, however, the country is still far from being a reflection of a society where security and orderliness are being maintained. The essence of this paper is to explore the law-enforcement terrain of the country with a view to ascertaining the state of affairs vis-a-vis the existing law enforcement agencies, their functional relevance, and general impact on the society in terms of maintenance of law and order. Findings reveal that the state of security and maintenance of law and order is still abysmally low in spite of the fact that there exist several law enforcement agencies within the country. The main recommendation is that instead of placing emphasis on creating more and more law enforcement agencies, which sometimes amount to duplication of functions, efforts should be made to reorganize, streamline and strengthen the existing institutions

An analysis of the quality of Tennessee cotton crop of 1928 and its relation to price

The object of this study is to show the quality of cotton grown in the various counties, and the state as a whole, relative to grade, staple and character; also the extent to which farmers are paid on a basis of quality, and the extent to which central market values are reflected in the local market. Certain markets were selected as representative of the various types of markets through which the farmers ordinarily sell their cotton

Mental Illness Economics in the United States: A Comparison with Foreign Countries

In 2018, suicide was the tenth leading cause of death in the United States, claiming the lives of over forty-eight thousand people.1 Globally, eight-hundred thousand people die from suicide every year, which is twice the number from homicide.2 For years, there has been a stigma around mental illness causing it to be a taboo topic, but recently there has been more of a focus and acceptance in our society. Along with the stigma, throughout most of history there has not been a focus on innovating and curing mental health diseases. In many cases, these diseases left unchecked lead to irrational behaviors and individuals feeling as if they have little-to-no options. Mental illness and suicide not only affect the people and families involved, but also friends, communities, and the greater society as a whole. There are a multitude of direct and indirect costs associated with these issues. The objective of this paper is to determine the total economic effect and societal impact of mental illness and suicide. The main statistics and comparisons will be with the United States and comparing to overall global positioning. The United States still remains one of the worst countries in this category despite some of the highest rankings in attention to mental illness. It is vital to look at how mental illness is caused and then what these issues can begin to affect in people’s lives. After the economic aspects of mental illness are assessed, further studies should be done on how to address this issue and begin to come up with ideas on how to improve this problem and society as a whole

Re-evaluation of the first synthetic estrogen, 1-keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene, and bisphenol A, using both the ovariectomised rat model used in 1933 and additional assays

1-Keto-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (THP-1) was reported by Cook et al in 1933 as the first synthetic estrogen. Estrogenic activity was assessed by the induction of vaginal cornification in ovariectomised rats. The corresponding 4-isomer (THP-4) was shown to be inactive. Both chemicals have been re-synthesised and assessed for hormonal activity. Each chemical bound weakly and to the same extent to isolated estrogen receptors, but only at high concentrations. However, they each lacked estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity when evaluated in vitro using a yeast hER assay, and both failed to induce vaginal cornification or uterotrophic effects in ovariectomised rats. THP-1, and to a lesser extent THP-4, were shown to possess weak androgenic and anti-androgenic activity in vitro when evaluated using an hAR yeast assay. Estrogenic activity for bisphenol A (BPA) was subsequently demonstrated by Dodds and Lawson (1936) using the same ovariectomised rat protocol, and this activity has been confirmed and supplemented by positive uterotrophic effects for BPA in the same bioassays. The present results illustrate the complexity of deriving conclusions regarding the hormonal activities of chemicals. First, some activities observed in isolated hormonal receptor binding assays may not be expressed in functional hormonal assays. This indicates the need for functional hormonal assays in any screening programme. Second, that activities observed for a chemical in one hormonal assay may not be reflected in related hormonal assays. This indicates the need to define assay protocols with some precision when incorporating them into screening batteries. Finally, that some literature reports of hormonal activity for chemicals may not be capable of independent confirmation under apparently identical conditions of test. This illustrates the need to use lists of hormonally active chemicals with car

The case for the multi-species ecological system, with special reference to succession and stability

Multi-species life support system based on ecological theor