MS-040: Woman’s League of Gettysburg College

This collection reflects and records almost a century of Gettysburg College history, and the first women\u27s--only organization officially affiliated with and recognized by the college. It is also a prime example of the kinds of activities and movements that were occurring during the Progressive Era in Pennsylvania and the United States. The collection consists of board minutes, minutes from numerous leagues, loose correspondence, convention programs, banquet programs, registrar\u27s reports, treasurer\u27s reports, treasurer\u27s ledger books, handbooks, scrapbooks, photographs, and Golden Books , volumes of calligraphy pages honoring League donors, service men and women, grandchildren and the like. The processing of this collection was supported by a grant from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. This collection provides a variety of interesting materials that give insight to both the Woman’s League and the history of Gettysburg College. The majority of the material represents the records of the General League. However, there are additional records and memorabilia from the Sub-Leagues as well. Information is organized, foremost with the records of the General League, and then for the Sub-leagues according to the year of their inception. Names of Sub-leagues were only included if there was information received from that particular Sub-league in one of the relevant categories. It follows then, that not all of the Sub-leagues included on this Finding Aid have information for each Series. In such instances, researchers should refer to General League: Series: Official Records, where records were kept on each individual Sub-league for the number of years that the Sub-league was active. Special Collections and College Archives Finding Aids are discovery tools used to describe and provide access to our holdings. Finding aids include historical and biographical information about each collection in addition to inventories of their content. More information about our collections can be found on our website http://www.gettysburg.edu/special_collections/collections/.https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/findingaidsall/1038/thumbnail.jp

The wage labor market and inequality in Viet Nam in the 1990s

Has the expansion of wage employment in Vietnam exacerbated social inequalities, despite its contribution to income growth? Gallup uses the two rounds of the Vietnamese Living Standards Survey (VLSS) to evaluate the contribution of wage employment to inequality and income growth over the period of rapid economic growth in the 1990s following market reforms. If Vietnam sustains its economic development in the future, wage employment will become an ever more important source of household income as family farms and self-employed household enterprises become less prevalent. Observing the recent evolution of wage employment compared with farm and non-farm self-employment provides clues as to how economic development will change Vietnamese society, in particular its impact on income inequality within and between communities. The author shows that standard methods for calculating income inequality can be severely biased due to measurement error when decomposing the contribution of different sectors, regions, or groups to overall inequality. A new method for consistent decomposition of inequality by income source shows that despite the rapid growth of wages in the 1990s, wage inequality fell modestly. Contrary to the results of uncorrected methods, wage employment contributes a roughly similar amount to overall income inequality as other nonagricultural employment (household enterprise and remittances, mainly). Agricultural income actually reduces overall income inequality because inequality between agricultural households is much lower than inequality between nonagricultural households, and agricultural income has a lower correlation with other income sources. Wage employment has not been the locus of growing disparity between the haves and the have-nots in Vietnam. A declining share of agriculture as the economy grows in Vietnam means that income inequality will rise, assuming that within-sector inequality does not change. This rising inequality, due to the shrinking share of agriculture, will be difficult to avoid without giving up economic growth and rapid poverty reduction in Vietnam. Historically, the process of economic development has always brought about a transition out of small farms and household enterprises into wage employment as worker productivity increases and non-household enterprises dominate the economy.Economic Theory&Research,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Labor Policies,Environmental Economics&Policies,Services&Transfers to Poor,Inequality,Environmental Economics&Policies,Poverty Impact Evaluation,Governance Indicators,Services&Transfers to Poor

'The live dynamic whole of feeling and behavior': capital punishment and the politics of emotion, 1945–1957

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The Economic Burden of Malaria

Malaria and poverty are intimately connected. Controlling for factors such as tropical location, colonial history, and geographical isolation, countries with intensive malaria had income levels in 1995 only 33% of countries without malaria, whether or not the countries were in Africa. The high levels of malaria in poor countries are not mainly a consequence of poverty. Malaria is very geographically specific. The ecological conditions that support the more efficient malaria mosquito vectors primarily determine the distribution and intensity of the disease. Intensive efforts to eliminate malaria in the most severely affected countries in the tropics have been largely ineffective. Countries that have eliminated malaria in the past half century have all been either subtropical or islands. These countries’ economic growth in the five years after eliminating malaria has usually been substantially higher than growth in the neighboring countries. Regressions using cross-country data for the 1965-90 period confirm the relationship between malaria and economic growth. Taking into account initial poverty, economic policy, tropical location, and life expectancy among other factors, countries with intensive malaria grew 1.3% less per person per year, and a 10% reduction in malaria was associated with 0.3% higher growth. Controlling for many other tropical diseases does not change the correlation of malaria with economic growth, and these diseases are not themselves significantly negatively correlated with economic growth. A second independent measure of malaria has a slightly higher correlation with economic growth in the 1980-1996 period. The paper concludes with speculation about the mechanisms that could cause malaria to have such a large impact on the economy, such as foreign investment and economic networks within the country.malaria, economic cost of disease, economic growth, burden of disease, tropical disease

Geography and Economic Development

This paper addresses the complex relationship between geography and macroeconomic growth. We investigate the ways in which geography may matter directly for growth, controlling for economic policies and institutions, as well as the effects of geography on policy choices and institutions. We find that location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth, through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other channels. Furthermore, geography seems to be a factor in the choice of economic policy itself. When we identify geographical regions that are not conducive to modern economic growth, we find that many of these regions have high population density and rapid population increase. This is especially true of populations that are located far from the coast, and thus that face large transport costs for international trade, as well as populations in tropical regions of high disease burden. Furthermore, much of the population increase in the next thirty years is likely to take place in these geographically disadvantaged regions.geography, empirical growth models, transportation costs, tropical disease, tropical agriculture, urbanization, population