Systematic Investigation of Very Early-Phase Spectra of Type Ia Supernovae

It has been widely accepted that Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are thermonuclear explosions of a CO white dwarf. However, the natures of the progenitor system(s) and explosion mechanism(s) are still unclarified. Thanks to the recent development of transient observations, they are now frequently discovered shortly after the explosion, followed by rapid spectroscopic observations. In this study, by modeling very early-phase spectra of SNe Ia, we try to constrain the explosion models of SNe Ia. By using the Monte Carlo radiation transfer code, TARDIS, we estimate the properties of their outermost ejecta. We find that the photospheric velocity of normal-velocity supernovae (NV SNe) in the first week is $\sim$15000 km s$^{-1}$. The outer velocity, to which the carbon burning extends, spans the range between $\sim$20000 and 25000 km s$^{-1}$. The ejecta density of NV SNe also shows a large diversity. For high-velocity supernovae (HV SNe) and 1999aa-like SNe, the photospheric velocity is higher, $\sim$20000 km s$^{-1}$. They are different in the photospheric density, with HV SNe having higher density than 1999aa-like SNe. For all these types, we show that the outermost composition is closely related to the outermost ejecta density; the carbon burning layer and the unburnt carbon layer are found in the higher-density and lower-density objects, respectively. This finding suggests that there might be two sequences, the high-density and carbon-poor group (HV SNe and some NV SNe) and the low-density and carbon-rich group (1999aa-like and other NV SNe), which may be associated with different progenitor channels.Comment: 22 pages, 11 figures, and 6 tables. Accepted for publication in Ap

舌骨上筋群に対する反復末梢磁気刺激：無作為化比較試験

藤田医科大

Upper Critical Field of the 3 Kelvin Phase in Sr2RuO4

The inhomogeneous 3 Kelvin phase is most likely a superconducting state nucleating at the interface between micrometer-sized Ru-metal inclusions and Sr2RuO4 above the bulk onset of superconductivity. This filamentary superconducting state yields a characteristic temperature dependence of the upper critical field which is sublinear, i.e., H_{c2} (T) \propto (T^* - T)^{\gamma} with 0.5 \leq \gamma < 1 (T^*: nucleation temperature). The Ginzburg-Landau theory is used to analyze the behavior of the nucleated spin-triplet phase in a field and the characteristic features of H_{c2} observed in the experiment are explained based on a two-component order parameter in the presence of a filament of enhanced superconductivity with a finite width.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Evaluation of the surface affinity of water in three biochars using fast field cycling NMR relaxometry

Many soil functions depend on the interaction of water with soil. The affinity of water for soils can be altered by applying soilamendments like stone meal, manure, or biochar (a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis of biomasses). In fact, the addi-tion of hydrophobic biochar to soil may increase soil repellency, reduce water-adsorbing capacity, inhibit microbial activity, altersoil filter, buffer, storage, and transformation functions. For this reason, it is of paramount importance to monitor water affinity forbiochar surface (also referred to as ‘wettability’) in order to better address its applications in soil systems. In this study, we proposethe use of fast field cycling NMR relaxometry technique with the application of a new mathematical model for data interpretation,as a valid alternative to the traditional contact angle (CA) measurements for biochar wettability evaluation. Either NMR or CA re-sults revealed the same wettability trend for the biochars studied here. The advantage of NMR relaxometry over CA measurementslies in the possibility to obtain at the microscopic level a variety of different information in only one shot. In fact, while CA providesonly wettability evaluation, NMR relaxometry also allows achievement of the mechanisms for water molecular dynamics onbiochar surface, thereby leading to the possibility to understand better, in future research, the role of biochar in increasing soilquality and plant nutrition

Electromagnetic Dissociation as a Tool for Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics

Coulomb dissociation is an especially simple and important reaction mechanism. Since the perturbation due to the electric field of the (target) nucleus is exactly known, firm conclusions can be drawn from such measurements. Electromagnetic matrixelements and astrophysical S-factors for radiative capture processes can be extracted from experiments. We describe the basic elements of the theory of nonrelativistic and relativistic electromagnetic excitation with heavy ions. This is contrasted to electromagnetic excitation with leptons (electrons), with their small electric charge and the absence of strong interactions. We discuss various approaches to the study of higher order electromagnetic effects and how these effects depend on the basic parameters of the experiment. The dissociation of neutron halo nuclei is studied in a zero range model using analytical methods. We also review ways how to treat nuclear interactions, show their characteristics and how to avoid them (as far as possible). We review the experimental results from a theoretical point of view. Of special interest for nuclear structure physics is the appearence of low lying electric dipole strength in neutron rich nuclei. Applications of Coulomb dissociation to some selected radiative capture reactions relevant for nuclear astrophysics are discussed. The Coulomb dissociation of 8B is relevant for the solar neutrino problem. The potential of the method especially for future investigations of (medium) heavy exotic nuclei for nuclear structure and astrophysics is explored. We conclude that the Coulomb dissociation mechanism is theoretically well understood, the potential difficulties are identified and can be taken care of. Many interesting experiments have been done in this field and many more are expected in the future.Comment: review article accepted for publication in "Prog. in Part. and Nucl. Physics", 75 pages, 31 figure

Novel mango bars using gellan gum as gelling agent: rheological and microstructural studies

This work aimed the development of mango bars, made with fresh mango puree and gellan gum. The influence of gellan concentration as well as the ratio of LA (low-acyl) and HA (high-acyl) gellan on the rheological and microstructural properties of the mango bars was studied. Rheological outcomes showed that both LA and HA, and in mixtures, were able to produce jellified products, within a rather low maturation time. Furthermore, a synergistic effect was observed at different ratios of LA/HA, enabling the production of mango bars with intermediate viscoelastic properties. Higher values of the dynamic moduli were perceived as the LA content increased. Confocal microscopy is in agreement with the rheological results, revealing a weakening of the gel structure with the increasing percentage of HA. Results suggest that 1 g of LA/HA 50/50 per 100 g of puree produces structures with suitable mechanical properties. However, the results need to be correlated to texture and sensory analysis, before proceeding to the next steps of product developmentinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Belle II Technical Design Report

The Belle detector at the KEKB electron-positron collider has collected almost 1 billion Y(4S) events in its decade of operation. Super-KEKB, an upgrade of KEKB is under construction, to increase the luminosity by two orders of magnitude during a three-year shutdown, with an ultimate goal of 8E35 /cm^2 /s luminosity. To exploit the increased luminosity, an upgrade of the Belle detector has been proposed. A new international collaboration Belle-II, is being formed. The Technical Design Report presents physics motivation, basic methods of the accelerator upgrade, as well as key improvements of the detector.Comment: Edited by: Z. Dole\v{z}al and S. Un

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012