Convenience renovation and non-transition- contractor SMEs operating in the detached housing market.

Single houses built in Sweden before 1980 are in need of renovation to meet the 2020 standards for energy performance as a large majority is still warmed with electricity, insufficiently insulated and exhibit poor energy efficiency. Such small scale renovations have traditionally been the market of small and medium sized contractors (SME’s) interacting directly with the house owners. The main purposes of this contribution are therefore to investigate how renovation of single family houses occurs when in interaction with craftsman SMEs and secondly to envisage activities in small craftsman organisations under transformation towards delivering sustainable buildings. A selective literature review of activities in SMEs facing sustainable housing transition is carried out. Case studies of small craftsman companies; including carpenters, electricians, and plumbers and their customer relations are ongoing. This paper presents a study of three craftsmen contractors and their interaction with potential customers, owners of single family houses. Through interviewing, participant observation, and shadowing the sales processes and negotiations are followed. Theoretically the study draws on Goffman´s concepts of performance, staging and encounters. The result shows that occasions for sustainable renovation are staged and “inter-acted” into convenience renovation, renovation of selected elements of the house and in support of aesthetic and or functional needs of the house owner. Main activities envisaged for transitional activities are strategizing, networking, exercising politics and doing marketing. Transition can for example be exercised from the network of the SMEs

Nitrogen losses and energy use on dairy farms in western Sweden

Protecting the environment has with time grown to take a more central role in the society. Agriculture plays an important role in the society since this sector produces our food. More thorough research on how agriculture affects the environment is therefore motivated. This research can be used to improve the agricultural practice from an environmental point of view. This is something that both the farmers and the consumers can profit from. This study aims to form the basis for creating environmental indicators for use of nitrogen and energy on dairy farms. Twenty-three farmers in western Sweden have been interviewed about their farms, both organic and conventional. They produce milk with different intensity, defined as the amount of milk delivered (sold) per hectare of arable land. The farms were divided in the following groups based on the farms way of production/intensity of production: • Organic: farms producing milk according to KRAV4. • Conventional Mid: farms delivering below 7500 kg ECM. • Conventional High: farms delivering more than 7500 kg ECM/ha. Two different perspectives have been used. In the Farm-perspective all activities within the farm is accounted for (farm-gate method) and nitogen surpluses and losses are related to hectare of arable land. This method is used within the Swedish advisatory project "Greppa Näringen" today. The other perspective, the Milk-perspective, includes a life cycle inventory. Flows and losses of nitrogen and the energy use is related to the amount of milk (1000 kg ECM) that is delivered from the farm. Farms in the organic group had, on average, the lowest nitrogen surplus both per hectare (79 kg N) and per 1000 kg ECM (12,5 kg N). The main cause is probably a lower input of nitrogen into the farm compared with the conventional farms. In the Mid-group the nitrogen surplus per hectare was somewhat lower compared with the High-group, 122 kg N/ha and 166 kg N/ha respectively. The relationship was the opposite between the conventional groups in the other Milk-perspective. The surplus was 19,3 kg N/1000 kg ECM in the Mid-group and 15,0 kg N/1000 kg ECM for the High group. Due to higher livestock density on the farms in the High-group the calculated loss of nitrogen as ammonia (NH3-N) and nitrous oxide (N2O-N) were the highest per hectare arable land. The organic farms had, in the Milk-perspective, the highest calculated losses of nitrogen within the farm. A possible reason for this is the lower amount of milk delivered/sold per cow, i.e less tonnes of milk to divide the nitrogen losses with. The rate of explanation explains how much of the nitrogen surplus that can be found as calculated losses on the farm level. If, for example, the farm has a nitrogen surplus of 100 kg N/ha and the calculated nitrogen losses are 60 kg N/ha, the rate of explanation becomes 60 %. A relatively low input of nitrogen and therefore low nitrogen surplus among the organic farms gives a higher rate of explanation if compared with conventional farms. Since the results are based on calculations with models it is possible that the losses of nitrogen may have been underestimated on the conventional farms and/or overestimated on the organic farms. Through production of fertiliser and concentrate feed, losses of nitrogen (primarily as nitrate and nitrous oxide) and use of energy take place outside the farm and this is included in the Milkperspective. Conventional farms had a higher share of the energy use and loss of nitrous oxide outside the farm compared with the organic farms. A result based on the use of mineral fertiliser and more purchased fodder on the conventional farms. The total calculated emission of nitrogen as nitrate and ammonia in the lifecycle were highest on the organic farms, 6,5 kg NO3-N/1000 kg ECM and 4,6 kg NH3-N/1000 kg ECM respectively. A possible cause is the lower delivery of milk per cow compared with the conventional farms. The losses of nitrogen that occur within the farm are calculated with models. The Mid-group had the highest emission of nitrogen as nitrous oxide per tonne milk, but the differences between groups were small. Nitrogen losses as nitrate outside the farms boundaries represented 32 % of the total calculated losses in the High-group. For the Mid-group the share was 23 % and for the organic group 27 %. The share being higher for the organic group compared with the Mid-group can be due to the composition of the purchased fodder. Energy use, per kilo milk, within the farm (via diesel and electricity) was higher for the organic farms. A possible cause may be that less milk is delivered/sold per cow in relation to the produced amount. The organic farms also produce a larger share of the fodder on the farm, this demands more energy. More milk stays within the borders of the organic farms due to the fact that calves are to be fed with whole milk to the age of twelve weeks at least. The differences in energy use within the farm were small between the Mid- and High-group. The total use of energy in the lifecycle was 2,10 MJ/kg milk for the organic group, which was 23 % lower compared with the Mid-group (2,73 MJ/kg milk). The High-group had an energy cost of 2,60 MJ/kg milk. If the energy use instead is expressed per cow and year the value for the organic group became 16,1 GJ/cow and year, 22,6 GJ/cow and year for the Mid-group and for the High-group 23,9 GJ/cow and year. Although the High-group had a lower usage per kilo milk delivered to the dairy compared with the Mid-group the value per cow became higher. This may be due to the higher delivery of milk per cow in the group Conventional High.Att värna om den omgivande miljön har med tiden fått en allt mer central roll i samhället. Inom detta samhälle spelar jordbruket en viktig roll eftersom det är därifrån vi får våra livsmedel. Det är därför motiverat att studera jordbruket och dess påverkan på miljön. Det finns många inriktningar inom jordbruket och deras påverkan på miljön kan vara olika. Det grundläggande syftet bör väl ändå vara att få fram ett mer miljövänligt sätt att producera livsmedel på oavsett dess ursprung. En anpassning som förhoppningsvis både lantbrukare, konsumenter d v s samhället som helhet kan tjäna på. Denna studie syftar till att få ett dataunderlag för att senare kunna definiera miljönyckeltal rörande flöden- samt förluster av kväve och energianvändning på mjölkgårdar. Tjugotre mjölkbönder i västra Sverige har fått svara på frågor angående deras produktion, konventionella såväl som ekologiska gårdar. De konventionella gårdarna skulle uppvisa en variation i produktionsintensitet, definierad som levererad kilo energikorrigerad mjölk (ECM) per hektar åkermark. Gårdarna grupperades i följande grupper efter produktionssätt/intensitet: • Ekologisk: gårdar anslutna till KRAV (kontrollföreningen för ekologisk odling). • Konventionell Medel: gårdar som levererar under 7500 kg ECM/ha. • Konventionell Hög: gårdar som levererar över 7500 kg ECM/ha. Två olika beräkningssätt har använts. I Gårdsperspektivet betraktas gården i sin helhet (enligt farm-gate metodiken) och alla kväveflöden relateras till åkerarealen (hektar). Denna metodik är den som används inom rådgivningsprojektet Greppa Näringen idag. Det andra beräkningssättet, Mjölkperspektivet, inkluderar en livscykelinventering och är produktrelaterat. Kväveflöden och energianvändning (fossil, elektricitet etc.) relateras till den mängd mjölk som levereras från gården (1000 kg ECM). Den ekologiska gruppen hade lägst kväveöverskott både räknat per hektar (79 kg N/ha) och per ton ECM (12,5 kg N/ton ECM). Den huvudsakliga orsaken är med all sannolikhet ett mindre inflöde av kväve till produktionen i jämförelse med de konventionella gårdarna. Medel-gruppen hade något lägre kväveöverskott än Hög-gruppen när överskottet relaterades till åkerarealen, 122 kg N/ha respektive 166 kg N/ha. Förhållandet var det motsatta mellan de konventionella grupperna när beräkningsbasen var levererad mjölk. Överskottet var 19,3 kg N/ton ECM för gårdarna i Konventionell Medel och 15,0 kg N/ton ECM för Hög-gruppen. På grund av den högre djurtätheten på gårdarna i Hög-gruppen hade dessa störst beräknade förluster av ammoniakkväve (NH3-N) och lustgaskväve (N2O-N) per hektar åkermark. Inom Mjölkperspektivet hade de ekologiska gårdarna störst beräknade förluster av kväve per ton ECM inom gårdens gränser. En trolig anledning är en lägre leverans av mjölk per ko hos denna grupp. Förklaringsgraden anger hur mycket av kväveöverskottet som kan hittas som beräknade förluster inom gårdens gränser. Relativt låga inflöden av kväve och därmed låga kväveöverskott i Eko-gruppen ger en hög förklaringsgrad inom de båda perspektiven. Eftersom resultaten baseras på modellberäkningar är det möjligt att kväveförlusterna kan ha underskatts på de konventionella gårdarna och/eller överskattats på de ekologiska gårdarna. I Mjölkperspektivet tillkommer kväveförluster (nitrat och lustgas framförallt) samt energianvändning som sker utanför gården via inköpta resurser. För de konventionella gårdarna var andelen energianvändning samt lustgasförluster utanför gården större jämfört med den ekologiska gruppen. Ett resultat som grundar sig på inflöden av handelsgödsel och mer inköpt foder inom de konventionella grupperna. De beräknade totala förlusterna av nitratkväve och ammoniakkväve i livscykeln var störst, räknat per ton ECM, för den ekologiska gruppen, 6,5 kg NO3-N/ton ECM respektive 4,6 kg NH3-N/ton ECM. En tänkbar anledning är att denna grupp levererar mindre mjölk per ko i jämförelse med de konventionella grupperna. Medel-gruppen hade störst förlust av lustgaskväve men skillnaderna mellan grupperna var här små. Förluster av nitrat utanför gården utgjorde 32 % av den utlakningen för gruppen Konv. Hög. Motsvarande värde för Medel-gruppen var 23 % och 27 % för Eko-gruppen. Att andelen är högre för Eko-gruppen jämfört med Medel-gruppen kan bland annat bero på råvarusammansättningen av inköpta fodermedel. Användningen av energi inom gårdssystemet (diesel och el) var störst per kilo levererad mjölk för de ekologiska gårdarna. En möjlig orsak kan vara en lägre mjölkleverans per ko i förhållande till den verkligt producerade mängden (per ko) i jämförelse med de konventionella gårdarna. De ekologiska gårdarna producerar en större andel av fodret till mjölkproduktionen på gården vilket i sig betyder att mer energi (framförallt diesel) behövs. Skillnaden i energianvändning inom gårdens gränser var små mellan Medel- och Hög-gruppen. Den totala energianvändningen i livscykeln var 2,10 MJ/kg mjölk för Eko-gruppen, vilket var 23 % lägre än gruppen Konv. Medel (2,73 MJ/kg mjölk). Hög-gruppens totala energianvändning per kilo mjölk var 2,60 MJ. Om energianvändningen istället uttrycktes per ko blev motsvarande värden 16,1 GJ/ko och år för Eko-gårdarna, 22,6 GJ/ko och år för gårdarna i Medel-gruppen samt 23,9 GJ/ko och år för gårdarna i Hög-gruppen. Trots att Hög-gruppen hade en lägre användning av energi per kilo levererad mjölk i jämförelse med Konventionell Medel blev värdet uttryckt per ko högre. En anledning kan vara den högre mjölkleveransen per ko i gruppen Konventionell Hög

A spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientation on technological innovativeness:an outlook of universities and research based spin offs

partially_open5siBy shifting towards Romer’s (Am Econ Rev 94:1002–1037, 1986) economy and so the spread of knowledge economy, universities started to adopt a collaborative approach with their entrepreneurial ecosystem. They turn out to be risk taker, autonomous, proactive, competitive, and innovative. In a nutshell, they are entrepreneurial oriented with the aim to generate new innovative ventures, known as research-based spin offs. Doubly, this has induced an improvement of technology transfer and the degree of entrepreneurship in the current knowledge economy. However there still is a paucity of studies on the spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientated universities and research-based spin off on technology transfer need to be more explored. Therefore, the article investigates the link between entrepreneurial orientation and such spill overs by offering an outlook of two universities and two research-based spin offs in the United Kingdom. The scope is to provide a deep view of technological innovativeness in a research context, entrepreneurial oriented. Our research suggests that entrepreneurial attitude has become an imperative to succeed in the context where British institutions currently operate. Entrepreneurship brings the necessary technological innovation to the university and its students, which results in better positioning of the university at national and international levels, with the subsequent impact on their ability to attract not only new students and academics but also funding to conduct their research.openScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, FrancescoScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, Francesc

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Kan utveckling av en morfologisk identifieringsnyckelförenkla genusbestämning av cystor av dinoflagellaterfrån tidig Paleogen? : Tillämpning på Aquitainebassängenfrån Eocen, sydvästra Frankrike, med Xper3

Knowing the taxonomy of unicellular dinoflagellate cysts is important in reconstructing paleoenvironments, paleoclimatology and paleobathymetry. Different dinoflagellates tend to prefer different depths, salinity levels and climate. Species of dinocysts only occur during a certain interval in the geological record and are therefore an important tool for dating sediments. Biostratigraphic research uses age determination of sediments depending on first and last occurrences of different species, or co-occurrences of several species. However, it can be rather time consuming and difficult to identify dinoflagellate cysts for people that are not experts in this field. In an attempt to resolve this, a database was created for 145 genera of dinoflagellate cysts existing during Palaeocene and Eocene in the online accessible program Xper3. Morphological criteria or “descriptors” were added along with describing “states”. The number ofmorphological descriptors chosen were 13, with 3 to 15 states for each descriptor.Each genus was described in a matrix and was given one or more unique states for each descriptor, which were defined from the literature by original morphological descriptions of dinocyst genera and photographs of holotypes. A morphological identification key was automatically created in Xper3 from this database, which enabled identification of genera by choosing unique states that were visible for the dinocysts being analysed.A test using photographs with different levels of preservation of dinoflagellate cysts of Eocene age of Aquitaine basin was undertaken in order to assess the reliability of the morphological identification key. The aim was also to see which morphological criteria were more common and how many descriptors and states were needed to reach an end-result of 5 remaining genera, including the correct genus.Errors that were caused in the identification key were immediately reviewed and re-tested. In 38 of 43 tries, a maximum of five genera were remaining, with the correct genus included. This confirmed that the identification key worked relatively well.Another test demonstrated how the identification key worked for identifying dinocysts with an optical microscope in unknown samples, which are photographed and published in the present report, along with data showing how many descriptors and states were used, remaining genera and which states were chosen for each genus.In general, only 1-8 descriptors were necessary and 5 the most common number used. The morphological character (state) “type of ornamentation” was the most widely used followed by “distribution of ornamentation”, “shape of the cyst” and “size of the ornamentation”. However, the archeopyle (excystment opening), was not always visible in the dinocysts, but is still considered a key morphological descriptor.Dinoflagellater är en typ av mikroskopiska plankton som kan bilda så kallade cystor eller vilosporer för att skydda sig vid kritiska miljöförändringar. Dessa cystor kan ligga vilandes i sediment under en längre tid. Det är också dessa cystor som bevaras som fossil. Eftersom det finns en sådan hög mångfald av dinoflagellatcystor i fossila sediment, liksom att de mikroskopiska, existerar över stora delar av jorden samt att de har en snabb evolution, så används de ofta till att datera sediment inom biostratigrafi.För att kunna datera sediment med hjälp av dinoflagellatcystor, krävs det att man kan identifiera de olika arterna och veta i vilken tidsålder de existerade. Att klassificera dinoflagellatcystor kan därför vara mycket svårt och ta en hel del tid om man inte är någon expert. I denna studie har därför en databas och identifieringsnyckel skapats i ett onlinebaserat dataprogram kallat Xper3. Xper3 är primärt riktat till att hjälpa personer med grundläggande kunskaper i att beskriva utseendemässiga karaktärer hos olika typer av mikrofossil, inklusive dinoflagellatcystor.I denna identifieringsnyckel använde jag mig av 145 olika dinoflagellatsläkten vilka alla existerade någon gång under tidig Paleogen, dvs hela Paleocen och/eller Eocen (66–34 miljoner år sedan). Dessutom användes 13 olika morfologiska beskrivningar ”descriptors” med 3–15 olika svar ”states” per beskrivning.Målet är att få en identifieringsnyckel som unikt kan identifiera olika typer av dinoflagellatcystor på genusnivå, med ett förslag på maximalt fem återstående släkten (genera). Studien undersökte även vilka morfologiska beskrivningar som är mest användbara och hur många olika typer av beskrivningar som behövs för att analysera dinoflagellatcystor.För att testa om identifieringsnyckeln fungerade, användes olika typer av kända och okända dino-flagellatcystor i ett så kallat ”Test 1: Kända dinoflagellatcystor” och ”Test 2: Okända dinoflagellat-cystor.I det första testet, ”Test 1”, grupperades kända dinoflagellatcystor i olika typer av bevarande tillstånd så som ”välbevarade”, ”tveksamt bevarande” och ”väldigt dåligt bevarade” dinoflagellat-cystor. Detta test förde statistik på hur många släkten av förslag som kom upp i slutändan och vilka morfologiska beskrivningar som användes mest och hur många olika beskrivningar som behövdes.Det andra testet, ”Test 2”, undersökte hur denna identifieringsnyckel fungerade att analysera dinoflagellatcystor från okända prover under mikroskop. Fotograferade dinoflagellatcystor presente-rades i denna rapport tillsammans med detaljer på hur de hade identifierats.I de flesta fallen, kunde identifieringsnyckeln ge ett förslag på maximalt fem återstående släkten av dinoflagellatcystor, där det korrekta släktet var ett utav förslaget, vilket tyder på att identifierings-nyckeln fungerar. Den mest använda morfologiska beskrivningen var ”typ av ornament”, och antal morfologiska beskrivningar som behövdes var mellan ett till åtta, där fem var det antal beskrivningar som mest användes i att identifiera dinoflagellatcystor i identifieringsnyckeln