72 research outputs found
Convenience renovation and non-transition- contractor SMEs operating in the detached housing market.
Single houses built in Sweden before 1980 are in need of renovation to meet the 2020 standards for energy performance as a large majority is still warmed with electricity, insufficiently insulated and exhibit poor energy efficiency. Such small scale renovations have traditionally been the market of small and medium sized contractors (SMEâs) interacting directly with the house owners.
The main purposes of this contribution are therefore to investigate how renovation of single family houses occurs when in interaction with craftsman SMEs and secondly to envisage activities in small craftsman organisations under transformation towards delivering sustainable buildings.
A selective literature review of activities in SMEs facing sustainable housing transition is carried out. Case studies of small craftsman companies; including carpenters, electricians, and plumbers and their customer relations are ongoing. This paper presents a study of three craftsmen contractors and their interaction with potential customers, owners of single family houses. Through interviewing, participant observation, and shadowing the sales processes and negotiations are followed. Theoretically the study draws on GoffmanÂŽs concepts of performance, staging and encounters.
The result shows that occasions for sustainable renovation are staged and âinter-actedâ into convenience renovation, renovation of selected elements of the house and in support of aesthetic and or functional needs of the house owner. Main activities envisaged for transitional activities are strategizing, networking, exercising politics and doing marketing. Transition can for example be exercised from the network of the SMEs
Nitrogen losses and energy use on dairy farms in western Sweden
Protecting the environment has with time grown to take a more central role in the society.
Agriculture plays an important role in the society since this sector produces our food. More
thorough research on how agriculture affects the environment is therefore motivated. This
research can be used to improve the agricultural practice from an environmental point of view.
This is something that both the farmers and the consumers can profit from.
This study aims to form the basis for creating environmental indicators for use of nitrogen and
energy on dairy farms. Twenty-three farmers in western Sweden have been interviewed about
their farms, both organic and conventional. They produce milk with different intensity, defined
as the amount of milk delivered (sold) per hectare of arable land. The farms were divided in the
following groups based on the farms way of production/intensity of production:
âą Organic: farms producing milk according to KRAV4.
âą Conventional Mid: farms delivering below 7500 kg ECM.
âą Conventional High: farms delivering more than 7500 kg ECM/ha.
Two different perspectives have been used. In the Farm-perspective all activities within the
farm is accounted for (farm-gate method) and nitogen surpluses and losses are related to hectare
of arable land. This method is used within the Swedish advisatory project "Greppa NĂ€ringen"
today. The other perspective, the Milk-perspective, includes a life cycle inventory. Flows and
losses of nitrogen and the energy use is related to the amount of milk (1000 kg ECM) that is
delivered from the farm.
Farms in the organic group had, on average, the lowest nitrogen surplus both per hectare (79 kg
N) and per 1000 kg ECM (12,5 kg N). The main cause is probably a lower input of nitrogen into
the farm compared with the conventional farms. In the Mid-group the nitrogen surplus per
hectare was somewhat lower compared with the High-group, 122 kg N/ha and 166 kg N/ha
respectively. The relationship was the opposite between the conventional groups in the other
Milk-perspective. The surplus was 19,3 kg N/1000 kg ECM in the Mid-group and 15,0 kg
N/1000 kg ECM for the High group.
Due to higher livestock density on the farms in the High-group the calculated loss of nitrogen as
ammonia (NH3-N) and nitrous oxide (N2O-N) were the highest per hectare arable land. The
organic farms had, in the Milk-perspective, the highest calculated losses of nitrogen within the
farm. A possible reason for this is the lower amount of milk delivered/sold per cow, i.e less
tonnes of milk to divide the nitrogen losses with.
The rate of explanation explains how much of the nitrogen surplus that can be found as
calculated losses on the farm level. If, for example, the farm has a nitrogen surplus of 100 kg
N/ha and the calculated nitrogen losses are 60 kg N/ha, the rate of explanation becomes 60 %.
A relatively low input of nitrogen and therefore low nitrogen surplus among the organic farms
gives a higher rate of explanation if compared with conventional farms. Since the results are
based on calculations with models it is possible that the losses of nitrogen may have been
underestimated on the conventional farms and/or overestimated on the organic farms.
Through production of fertiliser and concentrate feed, losses of nitrogen (primarily as nitrate
and nitrous oxide) and use of energy take place outside the farm and this is included in the Milkperspective.
Conventional farms had a higher share of the energy use and loss of nitrous oxide
outside the farm compared with the organic farms. A result based on the use of mineral fertiliser
and more purchased fodder on the conventional farms.
The total calculated emission of nitrogen as nitrate and ammonia in the lifecycle were highest
on the organic farms, 6,5 kg NO3-N/1000 kg ECM and 4,6 kg NH3-N/1000 kg ECM
respectively. A possible cause is the lower delivery of milk per cow compared with the
conventional farms. The losses of nitrogen that occur within the farm are calculated with
models. The Mid-group had the highest emission of nitrogen as nitrous oxide per tonne milk,
but the differences between groups were small.
Nitrogen losses as nitrate outside the farms boundaries represented 32 % of the total calculated
losses in the High-group. For the Mid-group the share was 23 % and for the organic group 27
%. The share being higher for the organic group compared with the Mid-group can be due to the
composition of the purchased fodder.
Energy use, per kilo milk, within the farm (via diesel and electricity) was higher for the organic
farms. A possible cause may be that less milk is delivered/sold per cow in relation to the
produced amount. The organic farms also produce a larger share of the fodder on the farm, this
demands more energy. More milk stays within the borders of the organic farms due to the fact
that calves are to be fed with whole milk to the age of twelve weeks at least. The differences in
energy use within the farm were small between the Mid- and High-group.
The total use of energy in the lifecycle was 2,10 MJ/kg milk for the organic group, which was
23 % lower compared with the Mid-group (2,73 MJ/kg milk). The High-group had an energy
cost of 2,60 MJ/kg milk.
If the energy use instead is expressed per cow and year the value for the organic group became
16,1 GJ/cow and year, 22,6 GJ/cow and year for the Mid-group and for the High-group 23,9
GJ/cow and year. Although the High-group had a lower usage per kilo milk delivered to the
dairy compared with the Mid-group the value per cow became higher. This may be due to the
higher delivery of milk per cow in the group Conventional High.Att vÀrna om den omgivande miljön har med tiden fÄtt en allt mer central roll i samhÀllet. Inom
detta samhÀlle spelar jordbruket en viktig roll eftersom det Àr dÀrifrÄn vi fÄr vÄra livsmedel. Det
Àr dÀrför motiverat att studera jordbruket och dess pÄverkan pÄ miljön. Det finns mÄnga
inriktningar inom jordbruket och deras pÄverkan pÄ miljön kan vara olika. Det grundlÀggande
syftet bör vÀl ÀndÄ vara att fÄ fram ett mer miljövÀnligt sÀtt att producera livsmedel pÄ oavsett
dess ursprung. En anpassning som förhoppningsvis bÄde lantbrukare, konsumenter d v s
samhÀllet som helhet kan tjÀna pÄ.
Denna studie syftar till att fÄ ett dataunderlag för att senare kunna definiera miljönyckeltal
rörande flöden- samt förluster av kvÀve och energianvÀndning pÄ mjölkgÄrdar. Tjugotre
mjölkbönder i vÀstra Sverige har fÄtt svara pÄ frÄgor angÄende deras produktion, konventionella
sÄvÀl som ekologiska gÄrdar. De konventionella gÄrdarna skulle uppvisa en variation i
produktionsintensitet, definierad som levererad kilo energikorrigerad mjölk (ECM) per hektar
Äkermark. GÄrdarna grupperades i följande grupper efter produktionssÀtt/intensitet:
⹠Ekologisk: gÄrdar anslutna till KRAV (kontrollföreningen för ekologisk odling).
⹠Konventionell Medel: gÄrdar som levererar under 7500 kg ECM/ha.
⹠Konventionell Hög: gÄrdar som levererar över 7500 kg ECM/ha.
TvÄ olika berÀkningssÀtt har anvÀnts. I GÄrdsperspektivet betraktas gÄrden i sin helhet (enligt
farm-gate metodiken) och alla kvÀveflöden relateras till Äkerarealen (hektar). Denna metodik Àr
den som anvÀnds inom rÄdgivningsprojektet Greppa NÀringen idag. Det andra berÀkningssÀttet,
Mjölkperspektivet, inkluderar en livscykelinventering och Àr produktrelaterat. KvÀveflöden och
energianvÀndning (fossil, elektricitet etc.) relateras till den mÀngd mjölk som levereras frÄn
gÄrden (1000 kg ECM).
Den ekologiska gruppen hade lÀgst kvÀveöverskott bÄde rÀknat per hektar (79 kg N/ha) och per
ton ECM (12,5 kg N/ton ECM). Den huvudsakliga orsaken Àr med all sannolikhet ett mindre
inflöde av kvÀve till produktionen i jÀmförelse med de konventionella gÄrdarna.
Medel-gruppen hade nÄgot lÀgre kvÀveöverskott Àn Hög-gruppen nÀr överskottet relaterades till
Äkerarealen, 122 kg N/ha respektive 166 kg N/ha. FörhÄllandet var det motsatta mellan de
konventionella grupperna nĂ€r berĂ€kningsbasen var levererad mjölk. Ăverskottet var 19,3 kg
N/ton ECM för gÄrdarna i Konventionell Medel och 15,0 kg N/ton ECM för Hög-gruppen.
PÄ grund av den högre djurtÀtheten pÄ gÄrdarna i Hög-gruppen hade dessa störst berÀknade
förluster av ammoniakkvÀve (NH3-N) och lustgaskvÀve (N2O-N) per hektar Äkermark. Inom
Mjölkperspektivet hade de ekologiska gÄrdarna störst berÀknade förluster av kvÀve per ton
ECM inom gÄrdens grÀnser. En trolig anledning Àr en lÀgre leverans av mjölk per ko hos denna
grupp.
Förklaringsgraden anger hur mycket av kvÀveöverskottet som kan hittas som berÀknade
förluster inom gÄrdens grÀnser. Relativt lÄga inflöden av kvÀve och dÀrmed lÄga kvÀveöverskott
i Eko-gruppen ger en hög förklaringsgrad inom de bÄda perspektiven. Eftersom resultaten
baseras pÄ modellberÀkningar Àr det möjligt att kvÀveförlusterna kan ha underskatts pÄ de
konventionella gÄrdarna och/eller överskattats pÄ de ekologiska gÄrdarna.
I Mjölkperspektivet tillkommer kvÀveförluster (nitrat och lustgas framförallt) samt
energianvÀndning som sker utanför gÄrden via inköpta resurser. För de konventionella gÄrdarna
var andelen energianvÀndning samt lustgasförluster utanför gÄrden större jÀmfört med den
ekologiska gruppen. Ett resultat som grundar sig pÄ inflöden av handelsgödsel och mer inköpt
foder inom de konventionella grupperna.
De berÀknade totala förlusterna av nitratkvÀve och ammoniakkvÀve i livscykeln var störst,
rÀknat per ton ECM, för den ekologiska gruppen, 6,5 kg NO3-N/ton ECM respektive 4,6 kg
NH3-N/ton ECM. En tÀnkbar anledning Àr att denna grupp levererar mindre mjölk per ko i
jÀmförelse med de konventionella grupperna. Medel-gruppen hade störst förlust av lustgaskvÀve
men skillnaderna mellan grupperna var hÀr smÄ.
Förluster av nitrat utanför gÄrden utgjorde 32 % av den utlakningen för gruppen Konv. Hög.
Motsvarande vÀrde för Medel-gruppen var 23 % och 27 % för Eko-gruppen. Att andelen Àr
högre för Eko-gruppen jÀmfört med Medel-gruppen kan bland annat bero pÄ
rÄvarusammansÀttningen av inköpta fodermedel.
AnvÀndningen av energi inom gÄrdssystemet (diesel och el) var störst per kilo levererad mjölk
för de ekologiska gÄrdarna. En möjlig orsak kan vara en lÀgre mjölkleverans per ko i
förhÄllande till den verkligt producerade mÀngden (per ko) i jÀmförelse med de konventionella
gÄrdarna. De ekologiska gÄrdarna producerar en större andel av fodret till mjölkproduktionen pÄ
gÄrden vilket i sig betyder att mer energi (framförallt diesel) behövs. Skillnaden i
energianvÀndning inom gÄrdens grÀnser var smÄ mellan Medel- och Hög-gruppen.
Den totala energianvÀndningen i livscykeln var 2,10 MJ/kg mjölk för Eko-gruppen, vilket var
23 % lÀgre Àn gruppen Konv. Medel (2,73 MJ/kg mjölk). Hög-gruppens totala
energianvÀndning per kilo mjölk var 2,60 MJ.
Om energianvÀndningen istÀllet uttrycktes per ko blev motsvarande vÀrden 16,1 GJ/ko och Är
för Eko-gÄrdarna, 22,6 GJ/ko och Är för gÄrdarna i Medel-gruppen samt 23,9 GJ/ko och Är för
gÄrdarna i Hög-gruppen. Trots att Hög-gruppen hade en lÀgre anvÀndning av energi per kilo
levererad mjölk i jÀmförelse med Konventionell Medel blev vÀrdet uttryckt per ko högre. En
anledning kan vara den högre mjölkleveransen per ko i gruppen Konventionell Hög
Characterization and clinical significance of right ventricular mechanics in pulmonary hypertension evaluated with cardiovascular magnetic resonance feature tracking
A spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientation on technological innovativeness:an outlook of universities and research based spin offs
partially_open5siBy shifting towards Romerâs (Am Econ Rev 94:1002â1037, 1986) economy and so the spread of knowledge economy, universities started to adopt a collaborative approach with their entrepreneurial ecosystem. They turn out to be risk taker, autonomous, proactive, competitive, and innovative. In a nutshell, they are entrepreneurial oriented with the aim to generate new innovative ventures, known as research-based spin offs. Doubly, this has induced an improvement of technology transfer and the degree of entrepreneurship in the current knowledge economy. However there still is a paucity of studies on the spill over effect of entrepreneurial orientated universities and research-based spin off on technology transfer need to be more explored. Therefore, the article investigates the link between entrepreneurial orientation and such spill overs by offering an outlook of two universities and two research-based spin offs in the United Kingdom. The scope is to provide a deep view of technological innovativeness in a research context, entrepreneurial oriented. Our research suggests that entrepreneurial attitude has become an imperative to succeed in the context where British institutions currently operate. Entrepreneurship brings the necessary technological innovation to the university and its students, which results in better positioning of the university at national and international levels, with the subsequent impact on their ability to attract not only new students and academics but also funding to conduct their research.openScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, FrancescoScuotto, Veronica; Del Giudice, Manlio; Garcia-Perez, Alexeis; Orlando, Beatrice; Ciampi, Francesc
Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants
Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5â19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9â10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changesâgaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or bothâoccurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks
The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities, yet little is known about the specific genetic loci that influence human cortical structure. To identify genetic variants that affect cortical structure, we conducted a genome-wide association meta-analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging data from 51,665 individuals. We analyzed the surface area and average thickness of the whole cortex and 34 regions with known functional specializations. We identified 199 significant loci and found significant enrichment for loci influencing total surface area within regulatory elements that are active during prenatal cortical development, supporting the radial unit hypothesis. Loci that affect regional surface area cluster near genes in Wnt signaling pathways, which influence progenitor expansion and areal identity. Variation in cortical structure is genetically correlated with cognitive function, Parkinson's disease, insomnia, depression, neuroticism, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe
Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)
From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions
Kan utveckling av en morfologisk identifieringsnyckelförenkla genusbestÀmning av cystor av dinoflagellaterfrÄn tidig Paleogen? : TillÀmpning pÄ AquitainebassÀngenfrÄn Eocen, sydvÀstra Frankrike, med Xper3
Knowing the taxonomy of unicellular dinoflagellate cysts is important in reconstructing paleoenvironments, paleoclimatology and paleobathymetry. Different dinoflagellates tend to prefer different depths, salinity levels and climate. Species of dinocysts only occur during a certain interval in the geological record and are therefore an important tool for dating sediments. Biostratigraphic research uses age determination of sediments depending on first and last occurrences of different species, or co-occurrences of several species. However, it can be rather time consuming and difficult to identify dinoflagellate cysts for people that are not experts in this field. In an attempt to resolve this, a database was created for 145 genera of dinoflagellate cysts existing during Palaeocene and Eocene in the online accessible program Xper3. Morphological criteria or âdescriptorsâ were added along with describing âstatesâ. The number ofmorphological descriptors chosen were 13, with 3 to 15 states for each descriptor.Each genus was described in a matrix and was given one or more unique states for each descriptor, which were defined from the literature by original morphological descriptions of dinocyst genera and photographs of holotypes. A morphological identification key was automatically created in Xper3 from this database, which enabled identification of genera by choosing unique states that were visible for the dinocysts being analysed.A test using photographs with different levels of preservation of dinoflagellate cysts of Eocene age of Aquitaine basin was undertaken in order to assess the reliability of the morphological identification key. The aim was also to see which morphological criteria were more common and how many descriptors and states were needed to reach an end-result of 5 remaining genera, including the correct genus.Errors that were caused in the identification key were immediately reviewed and re-tested. In 38 of 43 tries, a maximum of five genera were remaining, with the correct genus included. This confirmed that the identification key worked relatively well.Another test demonstrated how the identification key worked for identifying dinocysts with an optical microscope in unknown samples, which are photographed and published in the present report, along with data showing how many descriptors and states were used, remaining genera and which states were chosen for each genus.In general, only 1-8 descriptors were necessary and 5 the most common number used. The morphological character (state) âtype of ornamentationâ was the most widely used followed by âdistribution of ornamentationâ, âshape of the cystâ and âsize of the ornamentationâ. However, the archeopyle (excystment opening), was not always visible in the dinocysts, but is still considered a key morphological descriptor.Dinoflagellater Ă€r en typ av mikroskopiska plankton som kan bilda sĂ„ kallade cystor eller vilosporer för att skydda sig vid kritiska miljöförĂ€ndringar. Dessa cystor kan ligga vilandes i sediment under en lĂ€ngre tid. Det Ă€r ocksĂ„ dessa cystor som bevaras som fossil. Eftersom det finns en sĂ„dan hög mĂ„ngfald av dinoflagellatcystor i fossila sediment, liksom att de mikroskopiska, existerar över stora delar av jorden samt att de har en snabb evolution, sĂ„ anvĂ€nds de ofta till att datera sediment inom biostratigrafi.För att kunna datera sediment med hjĂ€lp av dinoflagellatcystor, krĂ€vs det att man kan identifiera de olika arterna och veta i vilken tidsĂ„lder de existerade. Att klassificera dinoflagellatcystor kan dĂ€rför vara mycket svĂ„rt och ta en hel del tid om man inte Ă€r nĂ„gon expert. I denna studie har dĂ€rför en databas och identifieringsnyckel skapats i ett onlinebaserat dataprogram kallat Xper3. Xper3 Ă€r primĂ€rt riktat till att hjĂ€lpa personer med grundlĂ€ggande kunskaper i att beskriva utseendemĂ€ssiga karaktĂ€rer hos olika typer av mikrofossil, inklusive dinoflagellatcystor.I denna identifieringsnyckel anvĂ€nde jag mig av 145 olika dinoflagellatslĂ€kten vilka alla existerade nĂ„gon gĂ„ng under tidig Paleogen, dvs hela Paleocen och/eller Eocen (66â34 miljoner Ă„r sedan). Dessutom anvĂ€ndes 13 olika morfologiska beskrivningar âdescriptorsâ med 3â15 olika svar âstatesâ per beskrivning.MĂ„let Ă€r att fĂ„ en identifieringsnyckel som unikt kan identifiera olika typer av dinoflagellatcystor pĂ„ genusnivĂ„, med ett förslag pĂ„ maximalt fem Ă„terstĂ„ende slĂ€kten (genera). Studien undersökte Ă€ven vilka morfologiska beskrivningar som Ă€r mest anvĂ€ndbara och hur mĂ„nga olika typer av beskrivningar som behövs för att analysera dinoflagellatcystor.För att testa om identifieringsnyckeln fungerade, anvĂ€ndes olika typer av kĂ€nda och okĂ€nda dino-flagellatcystor i ett sĂ„ kallat âTest 1: KĂ€nda dinoflagellatcystorâ och âTest 2: OkĂ€nda dinoflagellat-cystor.I det första testet, âTest 1â, grupperades kĂ€nda dinoflagellatcystor i olika typer av bevarande tillstĂ„nd sĂ„ som âvĂ€lbevaradeâ, âtveksamt bevarandeâ och âvĂ€ldigt dĂ„ligt bevaradeâ dinoflagellat-cystor. Detta test förde statistik pĂ„ hur mĂ„nga slĂ€kten av förslag som kom upp i slutĂ€ndan och vilka morfologiska beskrivningar som anvĂ€ndes mest och hur mĂ„nga olika beskrivningar som behövdes.Det andra testet, âTest 2â, undersökte hur denna identifieringsnyckel fungerade att analysera dinoflagellatcystor frĂ„n okĂ€nda prover under mikroskop. Fotograferade dinoflagellatcystor presente-rades i denna rapport tillsammans med detaljer pĂ„ hur de hade identifierats.I de flesta fallen, kunde identifieringsnyckeln ge ett förslag pĂ„ maximalt fem Ă„terstĂ„ende slĂ€kten av dinoflagellatcystor, dĂ€r det korrekta slĂ€ktet var ett utav förslaget, vilket tyder pĂ„ att identifierings-nyckeln fungerar. Den mest anvĂ€nda morfologiska beskrivningen var âtyp av ornamentâ, och antal morfologiska beskrivningar som behövdes var mellan ett till Ă„tta, dĂ€r fem var det antal beskrivningar som mest anvĂ€ndes i att identifiera dinoflagellatcystor i identifieringsnyckeln
- âŠ