Portrait de la médecine aztèque dans le Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis

La conquête espagnole du Mexique de 1521 a eu de nombreuses répercussions. Le Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco fut construit par des franciscains dans le but d’instruire les fils de l’élite indigène. C’est d’ailleurs entre les murs de ce Colegio qu’un des legs de la vice-royauté de Nouvelle-Espagne du XVIe siècle fut créé. En effet, un manuscrit sur la médecine aztèque, soit le Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis, est réalisé par Martin de la Cruz et Juan Badiano sous la supervision du franciscain Jacobo de Grado et à la demande du fils de l’ancien Vice-roi, Francisco de Mendoza. À travers un désir de partage et de conservation de leur culture par les deux auteurs, un désir d’obtenir du financement pour le Colegio, de légitimer les enseignements franciscains aux Autochtones ainsi que d’obtenir une autorisation commerciale de la part du roi Charles V pour les plantes américaines au profit de Francisco de Mendoza, le Codex de la Cruz-Badiano apparaît pour certains comme un produit typiquement indigène alors que pour d’autres il démontre une forte influence européenne. Ce mémoire propose d’explorer les divers acteurs dans la réalisation du manuscrit, la médecine nahua et les pistes d’influence européenne dans l’intention d’établir le portrait de la médecine aztèque qui est présenté au fil des pages du Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis

Sleep, diet and physical activity among adults living with type 1 and type 2 diabetes

Objective: To document sleep/insomnia, fruit and vegetables (FV) consumption and physical activity (PA) according to diabetes presence and type and biological sex, as these three lifestyle habits may influence glycemic control and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Method: Adults between 18-64 years of age were invited to complete validated Web-based self-reported questionnaires assessing sleep, insomnia, FV consumption and PA. Pregnant women and shift workers were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 151 adults (80.1% women), of which 54 had diabetes (type 1 [T1D]: 30 and type 2 [T2D]: 24), completed the questionnaires. Sleep quality scores were significantly higher, indicating poorer sleep quality, according to diabetes presence (diabetes: 7.2±3.5 vs. no diabetes: 5.4±3.5, p=0.0024) and type (T1D: 6.1±2.9 vs. T2D: 8.7±3.8, p=0.0072). Sleep duration was significantly shorter among adults living with diabetes (diabetes: 7.0±1.7 hours/night vs. no diabetes: 7.8±1.3 hours/night, p=0.0019), regardless of type. More adults living with diabetes had moderate to severe clinical insomnia (diabetes: 25.9% vs. no diabetes: 10.4%, p=0.0129), especially those with T2D (T1D: 13.3% vs. T2D: 41.7%, p = 0.0182). FV consumption and PA did not significantly vary according to diabetes presence and type. Only PA differed by biological sex with lower PA among women. Discussion: The results suggest that adults living with diabetes, especially those with T2D, are at higher risk for short and poor sleep quality, and clinical insomnia. Conclusions: Adults living with diabetes, especially those with T2D, should have access to effective sleep interventions to prevent complications associated with elevated glucose levels.Objectifs L’objectif de nos travaux était de documenter le sommeil et l’insomnie, la consommation de fruits et de légumes (FL) et l’activité physique (AP) en fonction de la présence et du type de diabète, et du sexe biologique, puisque ces 3 habitudes de vie peuvent influencer la régulation de la glycémie et la prévention des complications liées au diabète. Méthodes Nous avons invité des adultes âgés de 18 à 64 ans à remplir des questionnaires valides d’autoévaluation en ligne qui portaient sur le sommeil, l’insomnie, la consommation de FL et l’AP. Nous avons exclu de l’étude les femmes enceintes et les travailleurs de quart. Résultats Un total de 151 adultes (80,1 % de femmes), parmi lesquels 54 avaient le diabète (type 1 [DT1], n = 30; type 2 [DT2], n = 24), ont rempli les questionnaires. Les scores sur la qualité du sommeil étaient significativement plus élevés, c’est-à-dire qu’ils indiquaient une moins bonne qualité de sommeil, en fonction de la présence de diabète (diabète, 7,2 ± 3,5; aucun diabète, 5,4 ± 3,5; p = 0,0024) et du type de diabète (DT1, 6,1 ± 2,9; DT2, 8,7 ± 3,8; p = 0,0072). La durée du sommeil était significativement plus courte chez les adultes qui vivaient avec le diabète (diabète, 7,0 ± 1,7 heures/nuit; aucun diabète, 7,8 ± 1,3 heures/nuit; p = 0,0019), indépendamment du type. Davantage d’adultes qui vivaient avec le diabète avaient une insomnie clinique modérée à importante (diabète, 25,9 %; aucun diabète, 10,4 %; p = 0,0129), particulièrement ceux atteints du DT2 (DT1, 13,3 %; DT2, 41,7 %; p = 0,0182). La consommation de FL et l’AP ne variaient pas de façon significative en fonction de la présence et du type de diabète. Seule l’AP différait selon le sexe biologique, c’est-à-dire une AP moindre chez les femmes. Conclusions Les résultats montrent que les adultes qui vivent avec le diabète, particulièrement le DT2, sont exposés à un risque plus élevé de courte durée de sommeil et de mauvaise qualité de sommeil, et d’insomnie clinique. Les adultes qui vivent avec le diabète, particulièrement ceux qui vivent avec le DT2, devraient avoir accès à des interventions efficaces sur le sommeil pour prévenir les complications associées à une glycémie élevée

The dog and rat olfactory receptor repertoires

BACKGROUND: Dogs and rats have a highly developed capability to detect and identify odorant molecules, even at minute concentrations. Previous analyses have shown that the olfactory receptors (ORs) that specifically bind odorant molecules are encoded by the largest gene family sequenced in mammals so far. RESULTS: We identified five amino acid patterns characteristic of ORs in the recently sequenced boxer dog and brown Norway rat genomes. Using these patterns, we retrieved 1,094 dog genes and 1,493 rat genes from these shotgun sequences. The retrieved sequences constitute the olfactory receptor repertoires of these two animals. Subsets of 20.3% (for the dog) and 19.5% (for the rat) of these genes were annotated as pseudogenes as they had one or several mutations interrupting their open reading frames. We performed phylogenetic studies and organized these two repertoires into classes, families and subfamilies. CONCLUSION: We have established a complete or almost complete list of OR genes in the dog and the rat and have compared the sequences of these genes within and between the two species. Our results provide insight into the evolutionary development of these genes and the local amplifications that have led to the specific amplification of many subfamilies. We have also compared the human and rat ORs with the human and mouse OR repertoires

PLoS Pathog

The low pathogenicity and replicative potential of HIV-2 are still poorly understood. We investigated whether HIV-2 reservoirs might follow the peculiar distribution reported in models of attenuated HIV-1/SIV infections, i.e. limited infection of central-memory CD4 T lymphocytes (TCM). Antiretroviral-naive HIV-2 infected individuals from the ANRS-CO5 (12 non-progressors, 2 progressors) were prospectively included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were sorted into monocytes and resting CD4 T-cell subsets (naive [TN], central- [TCM], transitional- [TTM] and effector-memory [TEM]). Reactivation of HIV-2 was tested in 30-day cultures of CD8-depleted PBMCs. HIV-2 DNA was quantified by real-time PCR. Cell surface markers, co-receptors and restriction factors were analyzed by flow-cytometry and multiplex transcriptomic study. HIV-2 DNA was undetectable in monocytes from all individuals and was quantifiable in TTM from 4 individuals (median: 2.25 log10 copies/106 cells [IQR: 1.99-2.94]) but in TCM from only 1 individual (1.75 log10 copies/106 cells). HIV-2 DNA levels in PBMCs (median: 1.94 log10 copies/106 PBMC [IQR = 1.53-2.13]) positively correlated with those in TTM (r = 0.66, p = 0.01) but not TCM. HIV-2 reactivation was observed in the cells from only 3 individuals. The CCR5 co-receptor was distributed similarly in cell populations from individuals and donors. TCM had a lower expression of CXCR6 transcripts (p = 0.002) than TTM confirmed by FACS analysis, and a higher expression of TRIM5 transcripts (p = 0.004). Thus the low HIV-2 reservoirs differ from HIV-1 reservoirs by the lack of monocytic infection and a limited infection of TCM associated to a lower expression of a potential alternative HIV-2 co-receptor, CXCR6 and a higher expression of a restriction factor, TRIM5. These findings shed new light on the low pathogenicity of HIV-2 infection suggesting mechanisms close to those reported in other models of attenuated HIV/SIV infection models

CC9 Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Emerges in Bloodstream Infections in French Patients Unconnected With Animal Farming

We report 4 bloodstream infections associated with CC9 agr type II Staphylococcus aureus in individuals without animal exposure. We demonstrate, by microarray analysis, the presence of egc cluster, fnbA, cap operon, lukS, set2, set12, splE, splD, sak, epiD, and can, genomic features associated with a high virulence potential in human

National trends in total cholesterol obscure heterogeneous changes in HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio : a pooled analysis of 458 population-based studies in Asian and Western countries

Background: Although high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol have opposite associations with coronary heart disease, multi-country reports of lipid trends only use total cholesterol (TC). Our aim was to compare trends in total, HDL and nonHDL cholesterol and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio in Asian and Western countries. Methods: We pooled 458 population-based studies with 82.1 million participants in 23 Asian and Western countries. We estimated changes in mean total, HDL and non-HDL cholesterol and mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio by country, sex and age group. Results: Since similar to 1980, mean TC increased in Asian countries. In Japan and South Korea, the TC rise was due to rising HDL cholesterol, which increased by up to 0.17 mmol/L per decade in Japanese women; in China, it was due to rising non-HDL cholesterol. TC declined in Western countries, except in Polish men. The decline was largest in Finland and Norway, at similar to 0.4 mmol/L per decade. The decline in TC in most Western countries was the net effect of an increase in HDL cholesterol and a decline in non-HDL cholesterol, with the HDL cholesterol increase largest in New Zealand and Switzerland. Mean total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio declined in Japan, South Korea and most Western countries, by as much as similar to 0.7 per decade in Swiss men (equivalent to similar to 26% decline in coronary heart disease risk per decade). The ratio increased in China. Conclusions: HDL cholesterol has risen and the total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio has declined in many Western countries, Japan and South Korea, with only a weak correlation with changes in TC or non-HDL cholesterol.Peer reviewe

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe