An approach to dynamic power consumption current testing of CMOS ICs

© 1995 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes,creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.I/sub DDQ/ testing is a powerful strategy for detecting defects that do not alter the logic behavior of CMOS ICs. Such a technique is very effective especially in the detection of bridging defects although some opens can be also detected. However, an important set of open and parametric defects escape quiescent power supply current testing because they prevent current elevation. Extending the consumption current testing time, from the static period to the dynamic one (i.e. considering the transient current), defects not covered with I/sub DDQ/ can be detected. Simulations using an on-chip sensor show that this technique can reach a high coverage for defects preventing current and also for those raising the static power consumption.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Light-induced transmission nonlinearities in gallium selenide

The intensity of a He–Ne laser (633 nm, 5 mW) transmitted by different GaSe samples is observed to change in correlation with a Nd-yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser pulse (532 nm, 7.8 ns, 3 mJ) which excites them. Such time response has been attributed to a nonlinear optical effect, i.e., a decrease in the refractive index due to the exciton screening by the photogenerated carriers. A calculation of the absorption coefficient and refractive index at different carrier concentrations has led to a reconstruction of transmittance transients which fully agree with the experimental data at different incident intensities and [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected] ; [email protected]

Determination of the high-pressure crystal structure of BaWO4 and PbWO4

We report the results of both angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption near-edge structure studies in BaWO4 and PbWO4 at pressures of up to 56 GPa and 24 GPa, respectively. BaWO4 is found to undergo a pressure-driven phase transition at 7.1 GPa from the tetragonal scheelite structure (which is stable under normal conditions) to the monoclinic fergusonite structure whereas the same transition takes place in PbWO4 at 9 GPa. We observe a second transition to another monoclinic structure which we identify as that of the isostructural phases BaWO4-II and PbWO4-III (space group P21/n). We have also performed ab initio total energy calculations which support the stability of this structure at high pressures in both compounds. The theoretical calculations further find that upon increase of pressure the scheelite phases become locally unstable and transform displacively into the fergusonite structure. The fergusonite structure is however metastable and can only occur if the transition to the P21/n phases were kinetically inhibited. Our experiments in BaWO4 indicate that it becomes amorphous beyond 47 GPa.Comment: 46 pages, 11 figures, 3 table

High-pressure x-ray diffraction and ab initio study of Ni2Mo3N, Pd2Mo3N, Pt2Mo3N, Co3Mo3N, and Fe3Mo3N: Two families of ultra-incompressible bimetallic interstitial nitrides

We have studied by means of high-pressure x-ray diffraction the structural stability of Ni2Mo3N, Co3Mo3N, and Fe3Mo3N. We also report ab initio computing modeling of the high-pressure properties of these compounds, Pd2Mo3N, and Pt2Mo3N. We have found that the nitrides remain stable in the ambient-pressure cubic structure at least up to 50 GPa and determined their equation of state. All of them have a bulk modulus larger than 300 GPa. Single-crystal elastic constants have been calculated in order to quantify the stiffness of the investigated nitrides. We found that they should have a Vickers hardness similar to that of cubic spinel nitrides like gamma-Si3N4Comment: 25 pages, 6 figures, 3 table

High-pressure study of the behavior of mineral barite by X-ray diffraction

In this paper, we report the angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction data of barite, BaSO 4, measured in a diamond-anvil cell up to a pressure of 48 GPa, using three different fluid pressure-transmitting media (methanol-ethanol mixture, silicone oil, and He). Our results show that BaSO 4 exhibits a phase transition at pressures that range from 15 to 27 GPa, depending on the pressure media used. This indicates that nonhydrostatic stresses have a crucial role in the high-pressure behavior of this compound. The new high-pressure (HP) phase has been solved and refined from powder data, having an orthorhombic P2 12 12 1 structure. The pressure dependence of the structural parameters of both room- and HP phases of BaSO 4 is also discussed in light of our theoretical first-principles total-energy calculations. Finally, a comparison between the different equations of state obtained in our experiments is reported. © 2011 American Physical Society.Financial support from the Spanish Consolider Ingenio 2010 Program (Project No. CDS2007-00045) is acknowledged. The work was also supported by Spanish MICCIN under Projects No. CTQ2009-14596-C02-01 and No. MAT2010-21270-C04-01 as well as from Comunidad de Madrid and European Social Fund: S2009/PPQ-1551 4161893 (QUIMAPRES). The ESRF is acknowledged for provision of beamtime.Santamaría-Pérez, D.; Gracia, L.; Garbarino, G.; Beltrán, A.; Chuliá-Jordán, R.; Gomis Hilario, O.; Errandonea, D.... (2011). High-pressure study of the behavior of mineral barite by X-ray diffraction. Physical Review B. 84:54102-1-54102-8. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.054102S54102-154102-884RUBIN, A. E. (1997). Mineralogy of meteorite groups. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 32(2), 231-247. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01262.xVegas, A. (2000). Cations in Inorganic Solids. Crystallography Reviews, 7(3), 189-283. doi:10.1080/08893110008044245Santamaría-Pérez, D., & Vegas, A. (2003). The Zintl–Klemm concept applied to cations in oxides. I. The structures of ternary aluminates. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 59(3), 305-323. doi:10.1107/s0108768103005615Vegas, A., & Jansen, M. (2001). Structural relationships between cations and alloys; an equivalence between oxidation and pressure. Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, 58(1), 38-51. doi:10.1107/s0108768101019310Lee, P.-L., Huang, E., & Yu, S.-C. (2001). Phase diagram and equations of state of BaSO4. High Pressure Research, 21(2), 67-77. doi:10.1080/08957950108201005Lee, P.-L., Huang, E., & Yu, S.-C. (2003). High-pressure Raman and X-ray studies of barite, BaSO4. High Pressure Research, 23(4), 439-450. doi:10.1080/0895795031000115439Crichton, W. A., Merlini, M., Hanfland, M., & Muller, H. (2011). The crystal structure of barite, BaSO4, at high pressure. American Mineralogist, 96(2-3), 364-367. doi:10.2138/am.2011.3656Errandonea, D., Santamaria-Perez, D., Bondarenko, T., & Khyzhun, O. (2010). New high-pressure phase of HfTiO4 and ZrTiO4 ceramics. Materials Research Bulletin, 45(11), 1732-1735. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2010.06.061López-Solano, J., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Muñoz, A., Gomis, O., Santamaría-Perez, D., Errandonea, D., … Raptis, C. (2010). Theoretical and experimental study of the structural stability ofTbPO4at high pressures. Physical Review B, 81(14). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.144126Hammersley, A. P., Svensson, S. O., Hanfland, M., Fitch, A. N., & Hausermann, D. (1996). Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan. High Pressure Research, 14(4-6), 235-248. doi:10.1080/08957959608201408Mao, H. K., Xu, J., & Bell, P. M. (1986). Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasi-hydrostatic conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91(B5), 4673. doi:10.1029/jb091ib05p04673Rodríguez-Carvajal, J. (1993). Recent advances in magnetic structure determination by neutron powder diffraction. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 192(1-2), 55-69. doi:10.1016/0921-4526(93)90108-iBecke, A. D. (1993). Density‐functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 98(7), 5648-5652. doi:10.1063/1.464913Lee, C., Yang, W., & Parr, R. G. (1988). Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Physical Review B, 37(2), 785-789. doi:10.1103/physrevb.37.785Gracia, L., Beltrán, A., & Andrés, J. (2007). Characterization of the High-Pressure Structures and Phase Transformations in SnO2. A Density Functional Theory Study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111(23), 6479-6485. doi:10.1021/jp067443vGracia, L., Beltrán, A., & Errandonea, D. (2009). Characterization of theTiSiO4structure and its pressure-induced phase transformations: Density functional theory study. Physical Review B, 80(9). doi:10.1103/physrevb.80.094105Blanco, M. A., Francisco, E., & Luaña, V. (2004). GIBBS: isothermal-isobaric thermodynamics of solids from energy curves using a quasi-harmonic Debye model. Computer Physics Communications, 158(1), 57-72. doi:10.1016/j.comphy.2003.12.001Errandonea, D., Santamaría-Perez, D., Vegas, A., Nuss, J., Jansen, M., Rodríguez-Hernandez, P., & Muñoz, A. (2008). Structural stability ofFe5Si3andNi2Sistudied by high-pressure x-ray diffraction andab initiototal-energy calculations. Physical Review B, 77(9). doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.094113Santamarı́a-Pérez, D., Nuss, J., Haines, J., Jansen, M., & Vegas, A. (2004). Iron silicides and their corresponding oxides: a high-pressure study of Fe5Si3. Solid State Sciences, 6(7), 673-678. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.03.027Errandonea, D., Meng, Y., Somayazulu, M., & Häusermann, D. (2005). Pressure-induced transition in titanium metal: a systematic study of the effects of uniaxial stress. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 355(1-4), 116-125. doi:10.1016/j.physb.2004.10.030Klotz, S., Paumier, L., Le March, G., & Munsch, P. (2009). The effect of temperature on the hydrostatic limit of 4:1 methanol–ethanol under pressure. High Pressure Research, 29(4), 649-652. doi:10.1080/08957950903418194Errandonea, D., & Manjón, F. J. (2008). Pressure effects on the structural and electronic properties of ABX4 scintillating crystals. Progress in Materials Science, 53(4), 711-773. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.02.001Lacomba-Perales, R., Errandonea, D., Meng, Y., & Bettinelli, M. (2010). High-pressure stability and compressibility ofAPO4(A=La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, and Y) orthophosphates: An x-ray diffraction study using synchrotron radiation. Physical Review B, 81(6). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.064113Crichton, W. A., Parise, J. B., Antao, S. M., & Grzechnik, A. (2005). Evidence for monazite-, barite-, and AgMnO4(distorted barite)-type structures of CaSO4at high pressure and temperature. American Mineralogist, 90(1), 22-27. doi:10.2138/am.2005.1654Huang, T., Shieh, S. R., Akhmetov, A., Liu, X., Lin, C.-M., & Lee, J.-S. (2010). Pressure-induced phase transition inBaCrO4. Physical Review B, 81(21). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.214117Zhang, F. X., Wang, J. W., Lang, M., Zhang, J. M., Ewing, R. C., & Boatner, L. A. (2009). High-pressure phase transitions ofScPO4andYPO4. Physical Review B, 80(18). doi:10.1103/physrevb.80.184114Panchal, V., Garg, N., & Sharma, S. M. (2006). Raman and x-ray diffraction investigations on BaMoO4under high pressures. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 18(16), 3917-3929. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/18/16/00

Pressure-induced amorphization of YVO4:Eu3+ nanoboxes

This is an author-created, un-copyedited version of an article published in Nanotechnology. IOP Publishing Ltd is not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/2/025701A structural transformation from the zircon-type structure to an amorphous phase has been found in YVO4:Eu3+ nanoboxes at high pressures above 12.7 GPa by means of x-ray diffraction measurements. However, the pair distribution function of the high-pressure phase shows that the local structure of the amorphous phase is similar to the scheelite-type YVO4. These results are confirmed both by Raman spectroscopy and Eu3+ photoluminescence which detect the phase transition to a scheelite-type structure at 10.1 and 9.1 GPa, respectively. The irreversibility of the phase transition is observed with the three techniques after a maximum pressure in the upstroke of around 20 GPa. The existence of two D-5(0)-> F-7(0) photoluminescence peaks confirms the existence of two local environments for Eu3+, at least for the low-pressure phase. One environment is the expected for substituting Y3+ and the other is likely a disordered environment possibly found at the surface of the nanoboxes.This work has been performed under financial support from Spanish MINECO under the National Program of Materials (MAT2013-46649-C4-1/2/3/4-P) and the Consolider-Ingenio 2010 Program (MALTA CSD2007-00045). Funding by the Fundacion Caja Canarias (ENER-01) and the EU-FEDER funds is also acknowledged. JR-F thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for a postdoctoral fellowship and NS thanks the German Research Foundation (DFG) for financial support (Project RA2585/1-1). We acknowledge Diamond Light Source for time on beamline I15 under proposals EE3652 and EE6517. Parts of this research were carried out at the light source PETRA III at DESY (Hamburg), a member of the Helmholtz Association (HFG). We would like to thank H-P Liermann and W Morgenroth for assistance in using beamline P02.2.Ruiz Fuertes, J.; Gomis, O.; León Luis, SF.; Schrodt, N.; Manjón Herrera, FJ.; Ray, S.; Santamaría Pérez, D.... (2016). Pressure-induced amorphization of YVO4:Eu3+ nanoboxes. Nanotechnology. 27(2):025701-1-025701-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/2/025701S025701-1025701-8272Piot, L., Le Floch, S., Cornier, T., Daniele, S., & Machon, D. (2013). Amorphization in Nanoparticles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 117(21), 11133-11140. doi:10.1021/jp401121cZhang, F. X., Wang, J. W., Lang, M., Zhang, J. M., Ewing, R. C., & Boatner, L. A. (2009). High-pressure phase transitions ofScPO4andYPO4. Physical Review B, 80(18). doi:10.1103/physrevb.80.184114Lacomba-Perales, R., Errandonea, D., Meng, Y., & Bettinelli, M. (2010). High-pressure stability and compressibility ofAPO4(A=La, Nd, Eu, Gd, Er, and Y) orthophosphates: An x-ray diffraction study using synchrotron radiation. Physical Review B, 81(6). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.064113Yuan, H., Wang, K., Li, S., Tan, X., Li, Q., Yan, T., … Zou., B. (2012). Direct Zircon-to-Scheelite Structural Transformation in YPO4 and YPO4:Eu3+ Nanoparticles Under High Pressure. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 116(46), 24837-24844. doi:10.1021/jp3088995Mishra, A. K., Garg, N., Pandey, K. K., Shanavas, K. V., Tyagi, A. K., & Sharma, S. M. (2010). Zircon-monoclinic-scheelite transformation in nanocrystalline chromates. Physical Review B, 81(10). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.104109Wang, L., Yang, W., Ding, Y., Ren, Y., Xiao, S., Liu, B., … Mao, H. (2010). Size-Dependent Amorphization of NanoscaleY2O3at High Pressure. Physical Review Letters, 105(9). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.095701Mukherjee, S., Kim, K., & Nair, S. (2007). Short, Highly Ordered, Single-Walled Mixed-Oxide Nanotubes Assemble from Amorphous Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(21), 6820-6826. doi:10.1021/ja070124cŞopu, D., Albe, K., Ritter, Y., & Gleiter, H. (2009). From nanoglasses to bulk massive glasses. Applied Physics Letters, 94(19), 191911. doi:10.1063/1.3130209Ozawa, L., & Itoh, M. (2003). Cathode Ray Tube Phosphors. Chemical Reviews, 103(10), 3835-3856. doi:10.1021/cr0203490Zhu, Y., Xu, W., Zhang, H., Wang, W., Tong, L., Xu, S., … Song, H. (2012). Highly modified spontaneous emissions in YVO4:Eu3+ inverse opal and refractive index sensing application. Applied Physics Letters, 100(8), 081104. doi:10.1063/1.3688167Khan, A. F., Haranath, D., Yadav, R., Singh, S., Chawla, S., & Dutta, V. (2008). Controlled surface distribution and luminescence of YVO4:Eu3+ nanophosphor layers. Applied Physics Letters, 93(7), 073103. doi:10.1063/1.2973163Cho, Y.-S., & Huh, Y.-D. (2011). Preparation of Transparent Red-Emitting YVO4:Eu Nanophosphor Suspensions. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 32(1), 335-337. doi:10.5012/bkcs.2011.32.1.335Jayaraman, A., Kourouklis, G. A., Espinosa, G. P., Cooper, A. S., & Van Uitert, L. G. (1987). A high-pressure Raman study of yttrium vanadate (YVO4) and the pressure-induced transition from the zircon-type to the scheelite-type structure. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 48(8), 755-759. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(87)90072-2Wang, X., Loa, I., Syassen, K., Hanfland, M., & Ferrand, B. (2004). Structural properties of the zircon- and scheelite-type phases ofYVO4at high pressure. Physical Review B, 70(6). doi:10.1103/physrevb.70.064109Manjón, F. J., Rodríguez-Hernández, P., Muñoz, A., Romero, A. H., Errandonea, D., & Syassen, K. (2010). Lattice dynamics ofYVO4at high pressures. Physical Review B, 81(7). doi:10.1103/physrevb.81.075202Boehler, R. (2006). New diamond cell for single-crystal x-ray diffraction. 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The avoidance of G-CSF and the addition of prophylactic corticosteroids after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma patients appeal for the at-home setting to reduce readmission for neutropenic fever

Background Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) remains the standard of care for young multiple myeloma (MM) patients; indeed, at-home ASCT has been positioned as an appropriate therapeutic strategy. However, despite the use of prophylactic antibiotics, neutropenic fever (NF) and hospital readmissions continue to pose as the most important limitations in the outpatient setting. It is possible that the febrile episodes may have a non-infectious etiology, and engraftment syndrome could play a more significant role. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of both G-CSF withdrawal and the addition of primary prophylaxis with corticosteroids after ASCT. Methods Between January 2002 and August 2018, 111 MM patients conditioned with melphalan were managed at-home beginning +1 day after ASCT. Three groups were established: Group A (n = 33) received standard G-CSF post-ASCT; group B (n = 32) avoided G-CSF post-ASCT; group C (n = 46) avoided G-CSF yet added corticosteroid prophylaxis post-ASCT. Results The incidence of NF among the groups was reduced (64%, 44%, and 24%; P2 (OR 6.1; P = 0.002) and G-CSF avoidance plus corticosteroids (OR 0.1; P60 years (OR 14.6; P = 0.04) and G-CSF avoidance plus corticosteroids (OR 0.07; P = 0.05). Conclusions G-CSF avoidance and corticosteroid prophylaxis post ASCT minimize the incidence of NF in MM patients undergoing at-home ASCT. This approach should be explored in a prospective randomized clinical trial

High-pressure structural study of the scheelite tungstates CaWO4 and SrWO4

Angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction (ADXRD) and x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) measurements have been performed in the AWO4 tungstates CaWO4 and SrWO4 under high pressure up to approximately 20 GPa. Similar phase transitions and phase transition pressures have been observed for both tungstates using the two techniques in the studied pressure range. Both materials are found to undergo a pressure-induced scheelite-to-fergusonite phase transition under sufficiently hydrostatic conditions. Our results are compared to those found previously in the literature and supported by ab initio total energy calculations. From the total energy calculations we have also predicted a second phase transition from the fergusonite structure to a new structure identified as Cmca. Finally, a linear relationship between the charge density in the AO8 polyhedra of ABO4 scheelite-related structures and the bulk modulus is discussed and used to predict the bulk modulus of other materials, like zircon.Comment: 52 pages, 9 figure, 4 table

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Association of MMP - 12 polymorphisms with severe and very severe COPD: A case control study of MMPs - 1, 9 and 12 in a European population

BACKGROUND: Genetic factors play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but are poorly understood. A number of candidate genes have been proposed on the basis of the pathogenesis of COPD. These include the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes which play a role in tissue remodelling and fit in with the protease--antiprotease imbalance theory for the cause of COPD. Previous genetic studies of MMPs in COPD have had inadequate coverage of the genes, and have reported conflicting associations of both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and SNP haplotypes, plausibly due to under-powered studies. METHODS: To address these issues we genotyped 26 SNPs, providing comprehensive coverage of reported SNP variation, in MMPs- 1, 9 and 12 from 977 COPD patients and 876 non-diseased smokers of European descent and evaluated their association with disease singly and in haplotype combinations. We used logistic regression to adjust for age, gender, centre and smoking history. RESULTS: Haplotypes of two SNPs in MMP-12 (rs652438 and rs2276109), showed an association with severe/very severe disease, corresponding to GOLD Stages III and IV. CONCLUSIONS: Those with the common A-A haplotype for these two SNPs were at greater risk of developing severe/very severe disease (p = 0.0039) while possession of the minor G variants at either SNP locus had a protective effect (adjusted odds ratio of 0.76; 95% CI 0.61 - 0.94). The A-A haplotype was also associated with significantly lower predicted FEV1 (42.62% versus 44.79%; p = 0.0129). This implicates haplotypes of MMP-12 as modifiers of disease severity