Propuesta de un dispositivo psicoanalítico como herramienta de intervención en las escuelas del sector rural

La presente investigación plantea la creación de un dispositivo que sirva como herramienta de intervención con los niños y niñas de las escuelas de los sectores urbano marginales en la provincia de Tungurahua. Lo que se pretende es mostrar el aporte que brinda el psicoanálisis, para el trabajo en las instituciones escolares, reconociendo que el establecimiento educativo desarrolla una función que resulta protagónica en la vida del sujeto, pues lo introduce en un vínculo y un discurso pasando por la trasmisión de un saber. Pues se convierte en el reflejo de sucesos actuales, en el que se van desplegando diferentes fenómenos que son experimentados con malestar por la comunidad educativa. Con el propósito de encontrar una respuesta a labor diaria en la Unidad Móvil de Salud, el psicoanálisis permite pensar y poner en marcha el desarrollo del dispositivo que articula a la comunidad educativa: niños, maestros y padres de familia. Trabajo que se desarrolla en dos escuelas de la provincia. La relevancia de la investigación desde el punto de vista social, es una propuesta que permitirá no solo ofrecer un servicio más ético a los usuarios, sirviéndose de la orientación psicoanalítica, sino que dará un giro al trabajo, permitiendo que dicha propuesta pueda ser implementada en la institución y quizá tomada, reorientada y aplicada por otras unidades de salud

ANÁLISIS DE LA VOCACIÓN DE LOS TUTORES DEL SERVICIO DE ACOGIMIENTO INSTITUCIONAL

Children in risky situations such as deprivation of the family environment and parental negligence need special protection from the State, specifically from the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, through Casas Hogares, called public institutional care services. The importance of studying the relational dynamics of users and staff working in the entity was based on the need to determine that the links established between them are ethical and vocational. The study’s objective was to analyze the guardians’ vocation in the institutional care service located in Zone 6 of Ecuador. The research was framed in the context of the qualitative paradigm of ethnographic design with an exploratory scope. The following data collection techniques were used: field observation and semi-structured interviews elaborated based on categories and subcategories validated by experts. The questions were contrasted through content analysis. Significant results were obtained concerning the fact that vocation is essential. It allows the tutor to make interventions based on an adequate attachment through secure bonds and thus facilitate their activities with care work with the foster population.Los niños expuestos a situaciones de riesgo como privación del medio familiar y negligencia parental necesitan de protección especial del Estado, en específico del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social a través de Casas Hogares, servicios públicos de acogimiento institucional. Al estudiar la dinámica relacional de los usuarios y el personal que labora en la entidad se requiere determinar que los vínculos establecidos entre ellos sean éticos y vocacionales. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la vocación de las tutoras que laboran en el servicio de acogimiento institucional ubicado en la Zona 6 del Ecuador. La investigación se enmarcó en el contexto del paradigma cualitativo, de diseño etnográfico, con un alcance exploratorio. Se emplearon como técnicas de recolección de datos: la observación de campo y las entrevistas semiestructuradas basadas en categorías y subcategorías validadas por expertos. Las preguntas fueron contrastadas a través de un análisis de contenidos. Los resultados alentaron que la vocación es indispensable, le permite al tutor hacer intervenciones con base en un apego adecuado a través de vínculos seguros, para así facilitar sus actividades relacionadas con el trabajo de cuidado de la población acogida

El cyberbullying y su relación con el estrés percibido en estudiantes de bachillerato de la provincia de Tungurahua

:This research analyses the cyberbullying phenomenon and its relationship with perceived stress of high school students. The study applies the Perceived Stress Scale called “The Cyberbullying Questionnaire” (CBQ) developed by Cohen and its complement the Cyberbullying- Victimisation Questionnaire (CBQ-V) on a sample of 1002 high school students. It is found that this phenomenon is prevalent among such students since 45% of the subjects have reported being victims of bullying and 69% displayed perpetration behaviour. Furthermore, it is found that perceived stress and cyberbullying in both cases victims and aggressors are related since the greater the level of cyberbullying involvement the more perceived stress there is.En la presente investigación se analiza el fenómeno del cyberbullying y su relación con el estrés percibido en estudiantes de primero, segundo y tercero de bachillerato. Para ello se aplica la escala de estrés percibido de Cohen, el “Cyberbullying Questionnaire” (CBQ) y su complemento el “Cuestionario de cyberbullying-victimización” (CBQ-V) en una muestra de 1002 estudiantes de bachillerato. Se encuentra que el fenómeno está arraigado en los estudiantes de bachillerato ya que el 45% de los sujetos reporta ser víctima de cyberbullying y el 69% reporta haber realizado conductas de perpetración. Además, se encuentra que el estrés percibido y el cyberbullying (en sus dos caras, tanto en víctima como en victimario) presentan relación, ya que a mayor nivel de participación en el fenómeno se reporta mayor nivel de estrés percibido

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LOS RIESGOS PSICOSOCIALES LABORALES EN TUNGURAHUA (ECUADOR): UNA REVISIÓN

Psycho-social risks at work are becoming significantly important in recent years. There is an increasing number of studies about psycho-social risks developing at present, including more variables. This paper is a review of scientific works about psycho-social risks at work in the province of Tungurahua (Ecuador). To this end, a documentary research based on secondary data is conducted by analysing recent research about Psycho-social risks at work. The findings show that the most concurrent risks are involvement, supervision, and workload. Furthermore, there are differences between   psycho-social risks in production and services companies.   Even though there are several studies related to Psycho-social risks at work such as performance, absenteeism, occupational diseases, and work satisfaction; all come to the conclusion that the greater the social risk at work, the lower the levels of performance and satisfaction, in addition to increasing absenteeism and occupational diseases.La prevención de los riesgos psicosociales laborales está tomando importancia en los últimos años. No son pocos trabajos que se realizan analizando la prevalencia de estos riesgos psicosociales laborales además de su relación con otras variables. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de los documentos científicos relacionados a los riesgos psicosociales laborales en la provincia de Tungurahua de Ecuador. Para ello se plantea una investigación documental, basada en datos secundarios en donde se analizan las investigaciones realizadas sobre los riesgos psicosociales laborales en la provincia a lo largo de los últimos años. Se encuentra que los riesgos que más se repiten son los de participación/supervisión y carga de trabajo. A demás, existen diferencias en los riesgos psicosociales laborales entre las empresas de servicios y las de producción. Finalmente se encuentran multitud de trabajos que relacionan los riesgos psicosociales laborales con el desempeño, el ausentismo, las enfermedades y la satisfacción laboral. Siendo que, a mayor nivel de riesgos psicosocial, menor desempeño y satisfacción laboral y mayor ausentismo y enfermedades laborales

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries(1,2). However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world(3) and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health(4,5). However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular riskchanged from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.Peer reviewe

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

ANÁLISE DA VOCAÇÃO DOS TUTORES DO SERVIÇO DE ASSISTÊNCIA INSTITUCIONAL

Children in risky situations such as deprivation of the family environment and parental negligence need special protection from the State, specifically from the Ministry of Economic and Social Inclusion, through Casas Hogares, called public institutional care services. The importance of studying the relational dynamics of users and staff working in the entity was based on the need to determine that the links established between them are ethical and vocational. The study’s objective was to analyze the guardians’ vocation in the institutional care service located in Zone 6 of Ecuador. The research was framed in the context of the qualitative paradigm of ethnographic design with an exploratory scope. The following data collection techniques were used: field observation and semi-structured interviews elaborated based on categories and subcategories validated by experts. The questions were contrasted through content analysis. Significant results were obtained concerning the fact that vocation is essential. It allows the tutor to make interventions based on an adequate attachment through secure bonds and thus facilitate their activities with care work with the foster population.Los niños expuestos a situaciones de riesgo como privación del medio familiar y negligencia parental necesitan de protección especial del Estado, en específico del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social a través de Casas Hogares, servicios públicos de acogimiento institucional. Al estudiar la dinámica relacional de los usuarios y el personal que labora en la entidad se requiere determinar que los vínculos establecidos entre ellos sean éticos y vocacionales. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar la vocación de las tutoras que laboran en el servicio de acogimiento institucional ubicado en la Zona 6 del Ecuador. La investigación se enmarcó en el contexto del paradigma cualitativo, de diseño etnográfico, con un alcance exploratorio. Se emplearon como técnicas de recolección de datos: la observación de campo y las entrevistas semiestructuradas basadas en categorías y subcategorías validadas por expertos. Las preguntas fueron contrastadas a través de un análisis de contenidos. Los resultados alentaron que la vocación es indispensable, le permite al tutor hacer intervenciones con base en un apego adecuado a través de vínculos seguros, para así facilitar sus actividades relacionadas con el trabajo de cuidado de la población acogida.As crianças expostas a situações de risco como a privação do ambiente familiar e a negligência parental necessitam de proteção especial por parte do Estado, nomeadamente do Ministério da Inclusão Económica e Social através das Casas Hogares, serviços públicos de acolhimento institucional. Ao estudar a dinâmica relacional dos usuários e do pessoal que trabalha na entidade, é preciso determinar se os vínculos estabelecidos entre eles são éticos e vocacionais. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a vocação dos tutores que trabalham no serviço de acolhimento institucional localizado na Zona 6 do Equador. A investigação enquadra-se no contexto do paradigma qualitativo, de desenho etnográfico, de âmbito exploratório. Foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas de coleta de dados: observação de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas baseadas em categorias e subcategorias validadas por especialistas. As perguntas foram contrastadas por meio de uma análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encorajaram que a vocação é essencial, pois permite ao tutor realizar intervenções pautadas em um apego adequado por meio de vínculos seguros, a fim de facilitar suas atividades relacionadas ao trabalho de cuidar da população acolhedora

EL CUERPO VIRTUAL DESDE UNA LECTURA PSICOANALÍTICA

La adolescencia es una etapa que el sujeto afronta e incluye un conjunto de características particulares que inician con un cambio importante llamado pubertad. Por ello el objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar las posibles respuestas a las incidencias de la época tecnológica y las transformaciones en la clínica del adolescente y así como las expresiones a través de sexting. Por tanto, como el trabajo se presenta bajo un enfoque cualitativo con un diseño en la teoría fundamentada, en una revisión bibliográfica de textos clásicos como actuales sobre adolescencia desde la perspectiva psicoanalítica en los que se trabajó sobre el tema del cuerpo virtual y el uso del sexting. Además de ser una investigación de alcance exploratorio, ya que investiga un tema poco analizado en el medio. Concluyendo que, ante lo enigmático del cuerpo adolescente, una manera de tramitar la angustia que genera lo real de la pubertad es desde el lugar y la importancia que el otro le otorga al cuerpo del adolescente (cuerpo fantaseado e imaginado) en el mismo se fijará la modalidad de goce.Adolescence is a stage that the subject faces and includes a set of particular characteristics that begin with a major change called puberty. Therefore the main objective of this study is to analyze the possible responses to the incidences of the technological era and the transformations in the adolescent's clinic and as well as the expressions through sexting. Therefore, as the work is presented under a qualitative approach with a design in the theory based on a bibliographical review of classic texts as current on adolescence from the psychoanalytic perspective in which they worked on the subject of the virtual body and the use of sexting . In addition to being a research of exploratory scope, since it investigates a subject little analyzed in the middle. Concluding that, faced with the enigmatic adolescent body, a way to deal with the anguish that generates the real of puberty is from the place and importance that the other gives the body of the adolescent (imagined and imagined body) in it will be fixed the modality of enjoyment