A Protein Diet Score, Including Plant and Animal Protein, Investigating the Association with HbA1c and eGFR-The PREVIEW Project

Higher-protein diets have been advocated for body-weight regulation for the past few decades. However, the potential health risks of these diets are still uncertain. We aimed to develop a protein score based on the quantity and source of protein, and to examine the association of the score with glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Analyses were based on three population studies included in the PREVIEW project (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World): NQplus, Lifelines, and the Young Finns Study. Cross-sectional data from food-frequency questionnaires (n = 76,777 subjects) were used to develop a protein score consisting of two components: 1) percentage of energy from total protein, and 2) plant to animal protein ratio. An inverse association between protein score and HbA1c (slope -0.02 +/- 0.01 mmol/mol, p <0.001) was seen in Lifelines. We found a positive association between the protein score and eGFR in Lifelines (slope 0.17 +/- 0.02 mL/min/1.73 m(2), p <0.0001). Protein scoring might be a useful tool to assess both the effect of quantity and source of protein on health parameters. Further studies are needed to validate this newly developed protein score.Peer reviewe

Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Are Associated With Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults With Prediabetes: The PREVIEW Study

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to examine the association among physical activity (PA), sedentary time (ST), and cardiometabolic risk in adults with prediabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants (n = 2,326; 25–70 years old, 67% female) from eight countries, with a BMI >25 kg ⋅ m−2 and impaired fasting glucose (5.6–6.9 mmol ⋅ L−1) or impaired glucose tolerance (7.8–11.0 mmol ⋅ L−1 at 2 h), participated. Seven-day accelerometry objectively assessed PA levels and ST.RESULTS Multiple linear regression revealed that moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was negatively associated with HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (standardized β = −0.078 [95% CI −0.128, −0.027]), waist circumference (WC) (β = −0.177 [−0.122, −0.134]), fasting insulin (β = −0.115 [−0.158, −0.072]), 2-h glucose (β = −0.069 [−0.112, −0.025]), triglycerides (β = −0.091 [−0.138, −0.044]), and CRP (β = −0.086 [−0.127, −0.045]). ST was positively associated with HOMA-IR (β = 0.175 [0.114, 0.236]), WC (β = 0.215 [0.026, 0.131]), fasting insulin (β = 0.155 [0.092, 0.219]), triglycerides (β = 0.106 [0.052, 0.16]), CRP (β = 0.106 [0.39, 0.172]), systolic blood pressure (BP) (β = 0.078 [0.026, 0.131]), and diastolic BP (β = 0.106 [0.39, −0.172]). Associations reported between total PA (counts ⋅ min−1) and all risk factors were comparable or stronger than for MVPA: HOMA-IR (β = −0.151 [−0.194, −0.107]), WC (β = −0.179 [−0.224, −0.134]), fasting insulin (β = −0.139 [−0.183, −0.096]), 2-h glucose (β = −0.088 [−0.131, −0.045]), triglycerides (β = −0.117 [−0.162, −0.071]), and CRP (β = −0.104 [−0.146, −0.062]).CONCLUSIONS In adults with prediabetes, objectively measured PA and ST were associated with cardiometabolic risk markers. Total PA was at least as strongly associated with cardiometabolic risk markers as MVPA, which may imply that the accumulation of total PA over the day is as important as achieving the intensity of MVPA

Higher Protein Intake Is Not Associated with Decreased Kidney Function in Pre-Diabetic Older Adults Following a One-Year Intervention—A Preview Sub-Study

Concerns about detrimental renal effects of a high-protein intake have been raised due to an induced glomerular hyperfiltration, since this may accelerate the progression of kidney disease. The aim of this sub-study was to assess the effect of a higher intake of protein on kidney function in pre-diabetic men and women, aged 55 years and older. Analyses were based on baseline and one-year data in a sub-group of 310 participants included in the PREVIEW project (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle Intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World). Protein intake was estimated from four-day dietary records and 24-hour urinary urea excretion. We used linear regression to assess the association between protein intake after one year of intervention and kidney function markers: creatinine clearance, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR), urinary urea/creatinine ratio (UCR), serum creatinine, and serum urea before and after adjustments for potential confounders. A higher protein intake was associated with a significant increase in UCR (p = 0.03) and serum urea (p = 0.05) after one year. There were no associations between increased protein intake and creatinine clearance, eGFR, ACR, or serum creatinine. We found no indication of impaired kidney function after one year with a higher protein intake in pre-diabetic older adults.Peer reviewe

A rapid non-iterative proper orthogonal decomposition based outlier detection and correction for PIV data

The present work proposes a novel method of detection and estimation of outliers in particle image velocimetry measurements by the modification of the temporal coefficients associated with a proper orthogonal decomposition of an experimental time series. Using synthetic outliers applied to two sequences of vector fields, the method is benchmarked against stateof-the-art approaches recently proposed to remove the influence of outliers. Compared with these methods, the proposed approach offers an increase in accuracy and robustness for the detection of outliers and comparable accuracy for their estimation

Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence

Background: There is scepticism about health effects of dairy products in the public, which is reflected in an increasing intake of plant-based drinks, for example, from soy, rice, almond, or oat. Objective: This review aimed to assess the scientific evidence mainly from meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised controlled trials, on dairy intake and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, cancer, and all-cause mortality. Results: The most recent evidence suggested that intake of milk and dairy products was associated with reduced risk of childhood obesity. In adults, intake of dairy products was shown to improve body composition and facilitate weight loss during energy restriction. In addition, intake of milk and dairy products was associated with a neutral or reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly stroke. Furthermore, the evidence suggested a beneficial effect of milk and dairy intake on bone mineral density but no association with risk of bone fracture. Among cancers, milk and dairy intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, gastric cancer, and breast cancer, and not associated with risk of pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or lung cancer,while the evidence for prostate cancer risk was inconsistent.Finally,consumption of milk and dairy products was not associated with all-cause mortality. Calcium-fortified plant-based drinks have been included as an alternative to dairy products in the nutrition recommendations in several countries. However, nutritionally, cow’s milk and plant-based drinks are completely different foods,and an evidence-based conclusion on the health value of the plant-based drinks requires more studies in humans. Conclusion: The totality of available scientific evidence supports that intake of milk and dairy products contribute to meet nutrient recommendations, and may protect against the most prevalent chronic diseases, whereas very few adverse effects have been reported

Measurement of the Bottom-Strange Meson Mixing Phase in the Full CDF Data Set

We report a measurement of the bottom-strange meson mixing phase \beta_s using the time evolution of B0_s -> J/\psi (->\mu+\mu-) \phi (-> K+ K-) decays in which the quark-flavor content of the bottom-strange meson is identified at production. This measurement uses the full data set of proton-antiproton collisions at sqrt(s)= 1.96 TeV collected by the Collider Detector experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron, corresponding to 9.6 fb-1 of integrated luminosity. We report confidence regions in the two-dimensional space of \beta_s and the B0_s decay-width difference \Delta\Gamma_s, and measure \beta_s in [-\pi/2, -1.51] U [-0.06, 0.30] U [1.26, \pi/2] at the 68% confidence level, in agreement with the standard model expectation. Assuming the standard model value of \beta_s, we also determine \Delta\Gamma_s = 0.068 +- 0.026 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps-1 and the mean B0_s lifetime, \tau_s = 1.528 +- 0.019 (stat) +- 0.009 (syst) ps, which are consistent and competitive with determinations by other experiments.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Phys. Rev. Lett 109, 171802 (2012

Protein from meat or vegetable sources in meals matched for fiber content has similar effects on subjective appetite sensations and energy intake - A randomized acute cross-over meal test study

Higher-protein meals decrease hunger and increase satiety compared to lower-protein meals. However, no consensus exists about the different effects of animal and vegetable proteins on appetite. We investigated how a meal based on vegetable protein (fava beans/split peas) affected ad libitum energy intake and appetite sensations, compared to macronutrient-balanced, iso-caloric meals based on animal protein (veal/pork or eggs). Thirty-five healthy men were enrolled in this acute cross-over study. On each test day, participants were presented with one of four test meals (~3550 kilojoules (kJ) 19% of energy from protein), based on fava beans/split peas (28.5 g fiber), pork/veal or eggs supplemented with pea fiber to control for fiber content (28.5 g fiber), or eggs without supplementation of fiber (6.0 g fiber). Subjective appetite sensations were recorded at baseline and every half hour until the ad libitum meal three hours later. There were no differences in ad libitum energy intake across test meals (p &gt; 0.05). Further, no differences were found across meals for hunger, satiety, fullness, prospective food consumption, or composite appetite score (all p &gt; 0.05). Iso-caloric, macronutrient-balanced, fiber-matched meals based on vegetable protein (fava beans/split peas) or animal protein (veal/pork or eggs) had similar effects on ad libitum energy intake and appetite sensations

Quantum Counter-Terms for Lattice Field Theory on Curved Manifolds

We present the necessity of counter-terms for Quantum Finite Element (QFE) simulations of ϕ4 theory on non-trivial simplicial manifolds with semi-regular lattice spacing. By computing the local cut-off dependence of UV divergent diagrams we found that the symmetries of the continuum theory are restored for ϕ4 theory on the manifolds S2 and S2 × R in the weak coupling regime [1, 2]. Here we consider the construction of non-perturbative local counter-terms in an attempt to approach the strong coupling Wilson-Fisher IR fixed point

Radial Lattice Quantization of 3D ϕ4\phi^4 Field Theory

The quantum extension of classical finite elements, referred to as quantum finite elements ({\bf QFE})~\cite{Brower:2018szu,Brower:2016vsl}, is applied to the radial quantization of 3d $\phi^4$ theory on a simplicial lattice for the $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^2$ manifold. Explicit counter terms to cancel the one- and two-loop ultraviolet defects are implemented to reach the quantum continuum theory. Using the Brower-Tamayo~\cite{Brower:1989mt} cluster Monte Carlo algorithm, numerical results support the QFE ansatz that the critical conformal field theory (CFT) is reached in the continuum with the full isometries of $\mathbb R \times \mathbb S^2$ restored. The Ricci curvature term, while technically irrelevant in the quantum theory, is shown to dramatically improve the convergence opening, the way for high precision Monte Carlo simulation to determine the CFT data: operator dimensions, trilinear OPE couplings and the central charge.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure