Impuestos sobre la riqueza y ciclo político en el ámbito autonómico

In Spain, wealth taxes (except property tax) are transferred to the Autonomous Communities, which have the regulatory capacity to modify the basic determinants of the taxpayer’s tax debt (exempt minimums, tax rates or tax credits). While in some Communities, the tax credits approved, in the last decade, have meant, in practice, the «suppression» of some of these taxes (eg, the Personal Wealth Tax or the Inheritance and Gift Tax) or a tax reduction (Tax on Capital Transfers and Documented Legal Acts), in other Communities, there has been a «recovery» or increase of them. Both cases have been closely linked to the political cycle. In other words, there has been an electoralist use of wealth taxes.In this work, a comparison is made of the wealth taxes regulations in each Autonomous Community with the aim of analysing their evolution during the pre-electoral and post-electoral periods, taking into account the political configuration of each Autonomous Parliament. It also analyses the impact of these changes on taxpayers’ tax debt, according to their tax domicile and the political cycle.En España, los impuestos que gravan la riqueza (excepto el IBI) están cedidos a las CC.AA, que tienen capacidad normativa para modificar los elementos básicos que determinan de la deuda tributaria del contribuyente (mínimos exentos, tipos impositivos o bonificaciones). Mientras que en algunas Comunidades, las bonificaciones propias aprobadas en la última década, han supuesto, en la práctica, la «supresión» de algunos de éstos tributos (por ejemplo, el Impuesto sobre el Patrimonio –IP– o el Impuesto sobre Sucesiones y Donaciones –ISD–) o disminución de los tipos impositivos (Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurídicos Documentados –ITPAJD–), en otras Comunidades, se ha asistido a su «recuperación» o subida, muy unido en ambos casos, al ciclo político. Es decir, al uso de forma electoralista de las formas tributarias que gravan la riqueza.En este trabajo se realiza una comparación, por CC.AA de Régimen Común, de la normativa propia, que afecta a los impuestos cedidos que gravan la riqueza, analizando los elementos determinantes de éstos, con el objetivo de contrastar su evolución durante los periodos pre-electorales y post-electorales, en función de la configuración política del Parlamento de cada Comunidad. Asimismo, se analiza el impacto que implica dichas modificaciones en la deuda tributaria de los contribuyentes, en función de su domicilio fiscal y del ciclo político

El Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurídicos Documentados y el ciclo político: incidencia económica desde una doble perspectiva

The Tax on Capital Transfers and Documented Legal Acts (TCTDLA) is a Spanish type of wealth tax. Its tax income is transferred to the Autonomous Communities, which have the regulatory capacity to modify the basic determinants of the taxpayer's tax debt. In this work, a comparison is made of the TCTDLA regulations (specifically its tax credits and tax rates) in each Autonomous Community with the aim of analysing their evolution during the pre-electoral and post-electoral periods, taking into account the political configuration of each Autonomous Parliament. Likewise, its economic impact is analyzed from the taxable person perspective and also from the active subject one. That is to say, its budgetary impact in each Autonomous Community is analyzed, as well as its incidence on taxpayers' tax debt, according to their tax domicile, in order to demonstrate the territorial inequalities that can generate said tax and the possible tax competition between Communities, depending on the political cycle.El Impuesto sobre Transmisiones Patrimoniales y Actos Jurídicos Documentados (ITPAJD) es un impuesto que grava la riqueza. Su recaudación está cedida a las CC.AA que tienen capacidad normativa para modificar los elementos básicos que determinan la deuda tributaria del contribuyente. Este trabajo pretende realizar una comparación de la normativa propia de las CC.AA de Régimen Común del Impuesto (modalidades TPO y AJD), analizando la evolución de los tipos impositivos y bonificaciones con el objetivo de contrastar su evolución durante los periodos pre-electorales y post-electorales, en función de la configuración política del Parlamento de cada Comunidad Autónoma. Asimismo, se analiza su incidencia económica desde una doble perspectiva, la del sujeto activo y la del sujeto pasivo del Impuesto. Es decir, tanto su incidencia presupuestaria en cada Comunidad Autónoma, como la incidencia sobre la deuda tributaria en función de la residencia de los contribuyentes, con el fin de demostrar las desigualdades territoriales que puedan generar dicho tributo (en sus dos modalidades) y la posible competencia fiscal entre Comunidades, dependiendo del ciclo político

Ambidextrous Supply Chain Strategy and Supply Chain Flexibility:The Contingent Effect of ISO 9001

Purpose To analyze the effect of an ambidextrous supply chain strategy (ASCS) – i.e. the combination of exploration and exploitation practices – on each of the four dimensions of supply chain flexibility (SCF): information system, operating system, sourcing and distribution flexibility. Further, to evaluate the influence of implementing the ISO 9001 standard on the relationship between ASCS and SCF, and whether this certification directly affects the level of SCF. We ground our model in Resource Orchestration theory. Design/methodology/approach To perform this study, the authors used data collected from a sample of 145 non-ISO-certified firms and 157 ISO-certified firms. Findings ASCS does not affect all four dimensions of SCF in the same way. Rather, its effect is contingent on the presence of the ISO 9001 certification. An ASCS is shown to have a positive effect on information system flexibility irrespective of the presence of ISO 9001 certification whereas for the other three dimensions of SCF, the effect of ASCS is dependent on ISO 9001 implementation. Meanwhile, ISO 9001 implementation itself does not affect the level of SCF. Practical implications Managers can use the findings to configure their supply chain strategy based on the specific dimension(s) of SCF they seek to develop by implementing ASCS. Further, the results inform managers about the incentives for implementing ISO 9001. Originality/value Although prior studies have shown that an ambidextrous strategy enables firms and organizational units to adapt to the environment, there have been few prior studies on ambidexterity in a supply chain context. Further, although the extant literature has suggested that the ISO 9001 may facilitate ambidexterity, this link has remained largely theoretical. In fact, there is very little prior evidence on how the practice of ISO 9001 affects the supply chain

Supply chain flexibility in dynamic environments:The enabling role of operational absorptive capacity and organisational learning

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between environmental dynamism and supply chain flexibility (SCF) and to evaluate if two dynamic capabilities, i.e. operational absorptive capacity (OAC) and organisational learning (OL), are necessary competences for firms to develop such a responsive supply chain strategy as flexibility. Design/methodology/approach Hypothesised relationships are tested with survey data from 302 Spanish manufacturing firms using structural equations modelling. Findings Environmental dynamism is positively associated with both OAC and OL, and both dynamic capabilities enable SCF. The authors also find that the relationship between environmental dynamism and SCF is partially mediated by both dynamic capabilities. Research limitations/implications The study contributes to the literature, for example, by determining when it is advantageous to develop SCF, by specifying what capabilities a firm needs to develop to align SCF with the environment, and by opening the black box that is the relationship between the environment and SCF. Practical implications Managers should develop SCF via OAC and OL when they detect a high degree of environmental dynamism. Knowing when this is necessary relies on a good understanding of the environment. OAC is found to be a stronger enabler of SCF than OL. The findings provide managers with an insight into why some firms are able to develop more effective responses to dynamic environments than others. Originality/value This study is one of only a limited number of studies that adopt a dynamic capabilities approach to supply chain management. Prior literature has shown that dynamic capabilities can aid in developing strategic, structural, and operational flexibility. The authors extend this literature by showing that OAC and OL have an effect on SCF

Sustainable supply chain management towards disruption and organizational ambidexterity:A data driven analysis

Balancing sustainability and disruption of supply chains requires organizational ambidexterity. Sustainable supply chains prioritize efficiency and economies of scale and may not have sufficient redundancy to withstand disruptive events. There is a developing body of literature that attempts to reconcile these two aspects. This study gives a data-driven literature review of sustainable supply chain management trends toward ambidexterity and disruption. The critical review reveals temporal trends and geographic distribution of literature. A hybrid of data-driven analysis approach based on content and bibliometric analyses, fuzzy Delphi method, entropy weight method, and fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory is used on 273 keywords and 22 indicators obtained based on the experts’ evaluation. The most important indicators are identified as supply chain agility, supply chain coordination, supply chain finance, supply chain flexibility, supply chain resilience, and sustainability. The regions show different tendencies compared with others. Asia and Oceania, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Africa are the regions needs improvement, while Europe and North America show distinct apprehensions on supply chain network design. The main contribution of this review is the identification of the knowledge frontier, which then leads to a discussion of prospects for future studies and practical industry implementation

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A gender perspective was used to analyze whether and how education, unemployment, and per capita public health expenditure were associated with perceived health among the Spanish population between the years 2014 and 2017. Using multilevel methodologies (looking at year, individual, and region) and linear and logistic specifications, we analyzed longitudinal microdata files from the Survey on Living Conditions. The results suggest that women with lower educational levels tend to report worse health than their more educated counterparts. On the other hand, women’s bad health was not associated with unemployment, unlike men’s. Regional per capita public health expenditure was not associated with perceived health in either men or women.</div

Random intercept linear and logistic multilevel model for the exploration of associations of individual educational level and working status with perceived health by gender.

Random intercept linear and logistic multilevel model for the exploration of associations of individual educational level and working status with perceived health by gender.</p

Descriptive statistical values, according to gender, of the variables used to measure the relation of educational level and working status with perceived health for Spain between 2014 and 2017.

Descriptive statistical values, according to gender, of the variables used to measure the relation of educational level and working status with perceived health for Spain between 2014 and 2017.</p