Effect of Environment on Protein, Mineral and Fat Composition of Faba Bean

BACKGROUND: Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important high land pulse crops of Ethiopia. It is an excellent source of protein supplement for the majority of the population, used in various popular Ethiopian dishes. It also contains fat and appreciable amount of minerals. Data on the effect of environment on the protein, mineral matter and fat content of faba bean grown in southwestern agro-ecological zone of Ethiopia is lacking. This study was designed to determine the effect of environment on the protein, mineral and fat contents of advanced lines of faba bean genotypes grown in Southwestern agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia. METHODS: The effect of environment on the nutritional compositions of improved varieties of faba bean and one local variety was investigated between August 2000 and January 2001. Seed samples were obtained from Holetta Research Center and grown in three locations namely, Dedo, Gera and Yebu in South-western Agro -ecological zones. The crude-protein content was determined using micro-Kjeldahl method. Data on crude fat and mineral matter contents were obtained using standard procedures described in Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Data were collected and descriptive statistics was employed to examine findings. Analysis of variance was computed and statistical variations were determined as significant at P<0.05 using MSTATC procedure version 5.1 Soft ware. RESULTS: The Genotypes investigated gave different percentage protein, mineral matter and fat ranges for all sites. Variations were statistically significant for protein content at Gera and Yebu and significant variation for mineral matter contents was observed at Gera only. CONCLUSION: The results obtained confirm that those genetic variations were lower than those caused by the environment. In addition, variations in nutritive values do exist among cultivars. It is important to make a more detailed examination at amino acid level and specific mineral content to determine the nutritional variation among the faba bean genotypes.Ethiop J Health Sci. Vol. 13, No. 1 January 200

PROTEIN, TRYPTOPHAN AND LYSINE CONTENTS IN QUALITY PROTIEN MAIZE, NORTH INDIA

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Performance and Character Association in Maize (Zea mays L.) under Normal and Low Nitrogen cCnditions in Different Environments

A set of one-hundred and twenty genotypes including eight parents, their F1’s, F2’s and backcross generation of maize differing in their reaction to low-N conditions were used for estimating relative yield reduction and inter-character correlations between different morphological traits, planted at Pantnagar, Gorakhpur and Dholi. Analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differ significantly for all of the trait except plant height under low-N conditions. Among inbred lines Tarun 83 had the lower per cent yield reduction across all the three environments. This indicates that it is tolerant inbred line for low N condition. This inbred line could be incorporated in the future breeding program of maize for low N tolerance. In both F1 and F2 generations, crosses between tolerant and susceptible and tolerant with tolerant were found to be susceptible for low N tolerance, indicating thereby dominance of susceptibility over tolerance. Estimates of genotypic correlation coefficient were generally higher than phenotypic correlations coefficients in all environments. The result revealed those days to 50% tasseling was significantly and negatively correlated with yield under both high and Low-N conditions. It was also found that plant height; ear height and cob diameters were significantly and positively correlated with yield under both high and Low-N conditions. Thus, these three characters can be considered for selection. Keywords: Maize, grain yield, correlation among yield components, low-

Genetic Variability Studies in Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Genotypes at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, South East Ethiopia

Sixty four bread wheat genotypes were tested in a simple lattice design at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during 2014/15 main cropping seasonto estimate the extent of genetic variability. The genotypes showed significant variation for all the traitsstudied except for biomass yield ha-1 and relatively wide range of the mean values for most of the characters indicated the existence of variations among the tested genotypes.Moderate PCV and GCV were recorded for 1000 kernel weight, grain yield, harvest index, number of grains spike-1 and number of productive tiller. High heritability values were observed for days to heading, days to maturity, grain filling period, 1000 kernel weight, number of spikelet spike-1, spike length and plant height. Moderate PCV and GCV were recorded for 1000 kernel weight, grain yield, harvest index, number of grains spike-1 and number of productive tiller. Among the characters 1000 kernel weight showed high values of genetic gain whereas days to maturity, grain yield, harvest index, productive tillers and number of grains plant-1 had moderate  values of genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM). The D2 analysis showed that the 64 genotypes were clustered into nine clusters. Maximum inter cluster distance was observed between cluster I and IX (D2=5112.1), followed by that between clusters III and IX (D2=4694.4) and VIII and IX (D2=3871.9) which had shown they were genetically more divergent from each other than any other clusters. Crosses between genotypes selected from cluster I with cluster IX, cluster III with cluster IX and cluster VIII with cluster IX are expected to produce relatively better genetic recombination and segregation in their progenies.Principal components (PC1 to PC6) having Eigenvalue greater than one (significant), accounted 77.20% of the total variation. The first two principal components PC1 and PC2 with values of 22.3% and 17.4% respectively, contributed more to the total variation. According to their mean performance, genotypes Alidoro (5955.0 ± 480.83261a), Dure (5627.5 ± 604.57630ab) and Sanate (5322.5±781.35299abc) were the best yielders. The present result is only an indication and we cannot reach a definite conclusion. Therefore, it is advisable to continue with this study over several years and locations. Keywords: Genetic variability, Heritability, PCV, GCV, Genetic advanc

Hybrid Performance and Heterosis for Yield and Agronomic Traits of Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines Adapted to Mid-altitude Agroecology of Ethiopia

Maize is a primary crop in most farming systems and staple food of the rural population in abundant of the mid-altitude sub- humid agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. Nearly 88% of maize produced in Ethiopia is consumed as food, both as green and dry grain. Yet, it has low protein content since it is normal maize, with poor protein quality limited by deficiencies in lysine and tryptophan and has an excess of leucine and isoleucine. Suggestions on hybrid performance and heterosis of QPM inbred for grain yield and its components is vital to design suitable breeding strategies for the development of nutritionally enhanced maize varieties. A line x tester analysis involving 36 crosses generated by crossing nine elite maize inbred lines with four testers and four checks were evaluated for yield and yield related traits at Bako and Jimma. The objectives were to evaluate mean performance and the magnitude of heterosis for quality protein maize inbred lines, adapted to mid altitude agroecology of Ethiopia. The genotypes were evaluated in alpha lattice design replicated three times. Analyses of variances showed significant (p<0.05 or p<0.01) mean squares due to genotypes in each and across locations for most traits studied, indicating the existence of appropriate genetic variability. The crosses, L5xT2, L7xT2, L8xT1, L8xT2, L3xT2, L5xT1, and L1xT1 showed higher grain yield. The estimated mid and better parent heterosis for grain yield across locations for all crosses displayed positive and highly significant variances which ranged from 386.6% to 111.2% and 288.9% to 72.2%, respectively. From this study, about 77.78% of crosses had better potential for grain yield. The results attained in this experiment suggest that the hopeful potentials of the identified inbred lines for further breeding of QPM for the mid-altitude agroecology of Ethiopia

Combining Ability Study for Grain Yield and Agronomic Traits of Quality Protein Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred Lines Adapted to Mid-Altitude Agroecology of Ethiopia

In spite of the importance of quality protein maize to alleviate protein deficiency, almost all maize varieties cultivated in Ethiopia are normal maize varieties, which are devoid of lysine and tryptophan. Perusing the combining ability of QPM inbred for grain yield and its components is vital to design appropriate breeding strategies for the development of nutritionally enhanced maize cultivars. A line x tester analysis involving 36 crosses generated by crossing 9  elite maize inbred lines with 4 testers were evaluated for different desirable agronomic traits during the 2019 main season at BNMRC and JARC. The experiment was conducted using alpha lattice design with 3 replications. The objectives were to determine the combining ability of quality protein maize inbred lines, adapted to mid altitude agroecology of Ethiopia for agronomic traits. The crosses were evaluated in alpha lattice design replicated 3 times. Analyses of variances showed significant mean squares due to crosses for almost all the traits studied. GCA mean squares due to lines and testers were significant (P<0.05 or P<0.01) for most studied traits. SCA mean squares were also significant for most attributes across locations. The comparative importance of GCA and SCA variances observed in the current study for most studied traits indicated the preponderance of additive genetic variance in governing these attributes. Only L3 was the best general combiner for grain yield. Inbred line L3, for days to anthesis and L5 for days to silking had negative and significant GCA effects. L5 and L6 displayed negative and significant GCA effects for plant and ear height. Crosses, L2xT4, L3xT4, L4xT4, L5xT2, L6xT3, L7xT2, L9xT1 and L9xT4 were good specific combiners for grain yield. In general, these genotypes help as a source of promising alleles that could be used for forthcoming breeding work in the development of quality protein maize cultivars with desirable traits

Path Coefficient and Correlation Studies of Yield and Yield Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) Genotypes at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, South East Ethiopia

Yield and yield contributing traits were studied in sixty four bread wheat genotypes using a simple lattice design in order to find out the genetic contribution of different characters towards grain yield at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during 2014/15 main cropping season. The genotypes showed significant variation for all the traits studied except for biomass yield ha-1. Results showed that grain yield had positive and significant correlation with 1000 kernel weight, harvest index and hectoliter weight at both levels. Days to 50% heading exerted highly significant and positive association with days to maturity (0.79**), biomass yield per plot (0.55**), number of productive tillers per plant (0.47**) and number of grains per plant (0.43**) at genotypic level. Days to 50% heading had significant positive phenotypic correlation with days to 75% maturity and significant negative phenotypic association with grain filling period. It had non-significant association with the rest of the traits. Thousand kernel weight had positive and highly significant phenotypic correlation with harvest index (0.48**), hectoliter weight (0.51**) and grain yield (0.51**). Harvest index showed positive and highly significant correlation with 1000 kernel weight (0.48**), hectoliter weight (0.41**) and grain yield per hectare (0.86**) and non-significant association with the rest traits at phenotypic level irrespective of direction. Maximum positive direct effect was exhibited by days to 75% maturity (1.189) followed by harvest index (1.057). This suggests the correlation revealed true relationship and direct selection through these characters is effective. Keywords: Phenotypic correlation, genotypic correlation, direct effect &amp; indirect effect

Determinants of Fertility Rate among Reproductive Age Women (15-49) in Gonji-Kollela District of the Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

AbstractBackground: The low levels of education associated with low use of contraceptive methods are the major factors for high fertility rate in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Ample research works indicated that nearly two million people are added to the population of Ethiopia each year. The implication is that uncontrolled fertility rate affects the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. The general objective of the study was to identify demographic and socio-economic determinants of fertility among reproductive-age women in Gonji-Kollela district of the Amhara Region.Methods: The study employed survey research design of a quantitative approach. Multi-stage sampling techniques were employed to select the required sample for the study. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and presented with the help of frequencies, percentages, and tables. SPSS version 20 was employed for data analysis. Multiple linear regression model was applied to identify determinant factors affecting the number of children ever born in the study area.Results: The total fertility rate (TFR) in the study area was 5.3 children per woman, which is higher than the TFR of the country (4.1 children per woman).The study pointed out that the total fertility rate of women with no education was 7.0 against 3.6 with secondary educational level. This means that respondents with no education have a large number of children ever born (CEB) than those who have some formal education. The marital status of the respondents revealed that 47% and 22.4% established marriage less than 15 years and 15-17 years of age, respectively. The study noted that fertility was the lowest among mothers who do not worry about sex preference. The results of the linear regression model also evidenced that sex preference, age at first birth, low educational levels of mothers and age at first sexual intercourse were the determinant factors for a high number of children ever born in the study area.Conclusions: The study found out that early marriage, low level of formal and informal education, parents motive to have a large number of children and inaccessible in the use of contraceptive methods were the major factors for high fertility rate in the study area. Hence, continuous awareness creation about the negative consequences of early marriage has to be promoted by the district health offices, Region’s bureau of women affairs and other stakeholders. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32(3):000-000]Keywords: Fertility determinants, contraceptive use, children ever born, sex preference, reproductive age, total fertility rate, Amhara Regio

AMMI BIPLOT ANALYSIS OF GRAIN YIELD PERFORMANCES OF TEF (ERAGROSTIS TEF [ZUCC.] TROTTER) VARIETIES ACROSS DIFFERENT LOCATIONS OF SOUTH AND SOUTHWESTERN ETHIOPIA

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify high yielding and stable tef varieties across different locations of South and Southwestern part of Ethiopia. Methods: The experiment was conducted using 21 tef varieties obtained from a tef breeding program based at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center. The trial was laid out using a randomized complete block design with three replications at six locations during the 2018 cropping season. Data for all relevant agronomic traits were collected, but only plot yield data converted to kg/ha was subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The results of combined analysis of variance for grain yield of 21 tef varieties across six locations revealed that there is a highly significant difference among the locations, genotypes, and interaction effects with the contributions of 67.4, 8.1, and 17.8% of sum of squares, respectively. Analysis of variance of AMMI model revealed the two interaction principal component analysis (IPCA1 and IPCA2) were highly significant according to Gollob’s test and accounted for 42.8 and 20.6% of variance, respectively. Conclusion: Based on AMMI Biplot analysis, Ambo location could be the representative area among tested locations to determine the tef varieties and the variety Heber-1 (G11) and Dukem (G15) were recommendable for broad adaptation since they were stable and high yielding across locations

Genetic Variability of Ethiopian Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Accessions Collected from East Wollega Zone for Bean Biochemical Constituents

xH}éT bb# ZRÃãc mµkL ÃlW yÆ×k@¸µL Wh#ìC YzT tlÃYnT yb# _‰T X È:MN bmrÈ b¥ÄqL l¥ššL kFt¾ yçn -q»¬ XNÄlW Y¬w”LÝÝ ngR GN bxg‰CN yz!H ›Ynt mr© bbqE h#n@¬ xlmñ„ b_QM §Y xlmêl# yb# _‰T btflgW dr© §lmDrs# XNd MKNÃT k¸ns#T CGéC mµkL bêÂnT Y-qúLÝÝ Slz!H YHNN CGR kGMT WS_ b¥SgÆT x‰T bB/@‰êE dr© ytlqq XNÄ!h#M 101 kMS‰Q wlU yb# xB”Y xµÆb!ãC ytsbsb# bDM„ 105 yb# ZRÃãCN bFÊÃcW WS_ y¸gß#TN yÆ×k@¸µL Wh#ìC tlÃYnT lmgMgM b¥lM YH Ñk‰ tµ£Ä*LÝÝ Ñk‰WM ytµÿdW båGmNTD Ä!²YN s!çN bXQÇ msrT yT‰Y¯ñl!N½ yKlÖéjn!K xs!DS ½ yµðN½ y-Q§§ PétEN½ y-Q§§ SB½ y-Q§§ ሚn@‰L/x&gt; XNÄ!h#M yD‰Y ¥tR YzTN mr© bmWsD yTNt S‰ tkÂW•LÝÝ bŠ¶ÃNS TNt W-@T kD‰Y ¥tR YzT bStqR h#l#M Æ?¶ÃT bZRÃãC mµkL kFt¾ yçn tlÃYnT mñ„N l¥wQ tC§*LÝÝ yP¶NS­L ÷M±nNT TNt W-@T ymjm¶ÃW ÷M±nNT BÒ 47.9በመቶ y¸çnWN L†nT Ãúy s!çN&nbsp; yè¬L KlÖéjn!K xs!DS X y-Q§§ ySB m-N bkFt¾ dr© mlÃÃT bZRÃãc mµkL l¬yW tlÃYnT yxNbúWN DRš ¥bRk¬cWN bGL{ xmLKaLÝÝ yK§StR TNt W-@T dGä b_Ât ytµtt 105 ZRÃãCN bSDST yK§StR b#DC bh#lT Bc¾ b#DñC kF§*cêLÝÝ YHM W-@T bZRÃãC mµµL L†nT mñ„N bt=¥¶ xrUGÈ*LÝÝ yjntEK ÄYvRjNS TNtÂM bxB²®c&nbsp; b#DñC mµkL kFt¾ yçn RqT mñ„N k¥úytM b§Y yt-qs#TN Wh#ìC YzT b¥ÄqL ¥ššL y¸ÒL mçn#N xm§KaLÝÝ bx-”§Y bz!H _ÂT w-@T y¬yW yÆ×k@¸µL Wh#ìC YzT tlÃYnT wdðT yZRÃãcN yÆ×k@¸µL Wh#ìC YzT bmrÈ b¥ÄqL l¥ššL kFt¾ yçn XDL mñ„N xrUGÈ*LÝÝ ngR GN bz!H _ÂT y¬yWN W-@T ybl- l¥-ÂkR -QlL Ãl DMÄ» §Y&nbsp; lmDrS Xnz!HN ZRÃãC btlÆ xµÆb!ãC mgMgM XNÄ!h#M ytlÃYnt$N S‰ bälÖk!†§R dr© mS‰T xSf§g! YçÂLÝÝ&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Abstract Variability for coffee bean biochemical composition among the coffee accessions is vital for further quality improvement. However, lack of this information has been one of the major bottlenecks for any coffee quality improvement program. The current study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the level of variability in green bean biochemical composition of coffee accessions collected from east Wollega coffee growing areas. Four standard checks and 101 Arabica coffee accessions were used for the study. The study was conducted using augmented design and data were collected on trigonelline, total chlorogenic acid, caffeine, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash and dry matter contents. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to see the variability of biochemical constituents among the accessions. Analysis of variance showed significant differences (P&lt;0.05) among the accessions for all biochemical attributes except for bean dry matter content. The principal component analysis revealed that the first four principal components accounted for 96.9 % of the total variability. The first PC, with Eigenvalue greater than one, alone accounted for 47.9% of the total variation mainly due to the variation in total chlorogenic acid and crude fat content, suggesting that these traits are the major contributors for the observed variability. Besides, clustering grouped the accessions into six distinct clusters and two solitaries regardless of the collection sites indicating the existence of variability among the accessions. Genetic divergence analyses based on Mahalanobis statistics (D2) showed significant inter cluster distance, implying that there is a chance to improve these biochemical compounds through hybridization. In general, the observed variability for bean biochemical compounds indicating a great opportunity for genetic improvement of east Wollega coffee for biochemical contents through selection and hybridization. However, the variability observed in this study should be further confirmed by conducting the experiment in different locations as well as using molecular techniques. &nbsp;&nbsp