Penetrating knife in the maxillary sinus: Report of a rare case.

Presence of foreign bodies in the paranasal sinuses are not common findings.Many cases have been reported so far with foreign bodies like dental amalgam, chopsticks, gutta percha pellets, tooth, glue and even bullets. However, presence of foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus as a result of penetrating trauma is uncommon. Mostof them have been the results of trauma after vehicle accidents, gunshot injuries and assaults. There are two treatment options – endoscopic and open surgical approach for theremoval of sinus foreign bodies. We present a rare case of the transfacial penetrating injuries of maxillary sinus caused by a knife.

Pap smear in antepartum women: an opportunity to screen and create awareness

Background: Cervical and breast cancers are the leading malignancies in females in India. Cancer cervix is preventable and treatable if detected at premalignant stage. Pap smear is a recommended screening method for cancer cervix and its precursors. Pap smear screening in antenatal period presents an opportunity to screen for premalignant cervical lesions and genital infections. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of abnormal cervical smears and genital infections among antenatal women.Methods: It is a prospective study in which, 200 antenatal mothers at booking visit, were included in the study. Details on their demographic characteristics, obstetric profile, and past history of Pap test were collected. Liquid based cytology was used for the test. The cytological results were reported based on the Bethesda classification system 2001.Results: Among 200 antenatal women 57% were between 21-25 yrs of age and 18% were less than 20 years. 38% of women were less than 20 years of age at the time of beginning of sexual activity. 56% were primi gravida and others were multi gravida. 95.5 % of women were literate. 89% of women were unaware of Pap smear test. Among the 200 Pap smear reports, 23% were normal, 55.5% nonspecific inflammatory changes, 8.5% Candida infection and 13% bacterial vaginosis. None were reported with premalignant changes.Conclusions: In a population where people do not undergo Pap test due to varied reasons, antenatal Pap test not only provides an excellent opportunity to screen and create awareness for further screening, also helps detect genital infections

Multi-Dimensional Rajan Transform

In this paper, we describe the formulation of a novel transform called Multi-Dimensional Rajan Transform, which is an extension of Rajan Transform. Basically, Rajan Transform operates on a number sequence, whose length is a power of two. It transforms any sequence of arbitrary numbers into a sequence of interrelated numbers. As regards 2D Rajan Transform, there are two methods to implement it: (i) Row- Column method and (ii) Column-Row method. The 2D Rajan Transform obtained using the first method need not be the same as that obtained using second method. Similarly, one can implement 3-D Rajan Transform using the following approaches: (i) Row-Column-Depth approach, (ii) Row-Depth- Column approach, (iii) Column-Row-Depth approach, (iv) Column-Depth-Row approach, (v) Depth-Row-Column approach and (vi) Depth- Column-Row approach. This paper explains these approaches to implement two and three dimensional Rajan Transforms

A Novel Approach to Genome Editing Using Cellular Automata Evolutions of Adjoints Sequences

This paper proposes a novel method for genome editing using cellular automata evolutions of adjoints of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. The adjoints of the given a genome sequence are the characteristic binary string sequences. For example, the adjoint of Adenine of a given genome sequence is a binary string consisting of 02019;s and 12019;s where 12019;s corresponds to the presence of Adenine in the genome sequence. So, one can have four adjoint sequences of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine corresponding to a given genome sequence. One-dimensional three neighborhood binary value cellular automata rules can be applied to an adjoint sequence and the desired number of evolutions could be obtained. This rule is defined by a linear Boolean function and one can have 256 such linear Boolean functions. Genome editing is carried out by superimposing the evolved adjoint sequence on the original genome sequence or on its successive evolutions. In this manner, one can have four ways of genome editing using four adjoint sequences and evolutions

Modeling and Simulation of Genome Evolution Using Linear Boolean Functions Associated with One Dimensional Cellular Automata

Structural and functional behavior of genomes could be studied using one dimensional binaryvalued three neighborhood cellular automata updating rules These updating rules are linear Boolean functions and they are applied to the adjoint sequences of adenine A Thymine T Guanine G and Cytosine C corresponding to the characteristic sequence of a genome This paper proposes the use of linear Boolean functions and demonstrates the textural or fractal behavior of genome evolution in terms of nucleotide adjoint

On The Notion of Percentage Nucleotide Concentration of Genome Sequences in Terms of Cellular Automata Evolutions of Adjoints Sequences

This paper proposes a novel concept called 201C;Percentage Nucleotide Concentration of genomes201D; in terms of cellular automata evolutions of adjoints of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. The adjoints of the given a genome sequenceare the characteristic binary string sequences. For example, the adjoint of Adenine of a given genome sequence is a binary string consisting of 02019;s and 12019;s where 12019;s corresponds to the presence of Adenine in the genome sequence. So, one can have four adjoint sequences of Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine corresponding to a given genome sequence. One-dimensional three neighborhood binary value cellular automata rules could be applied to an adjoint sequence and the desired number of evolutions obtained.These rules aredefined by linear Boolean functions and one can have 256 such linear Boolean functions.Nucleotide concentration is computed for an adjoint sequence and its variation evaluated for its successive evolutions based on a cellular automaton rule