A Tale of Two Anomalies: Depletion, Dispersion, and the Connection Between the Stellar Lithium Spread and Inflated Radii on the Pre-Main Sequence

We investigate lithium depletion in standard stellar models (SSMs) and main sequence (MS) open clusters, and explore the origin of the Li dispersion in young, cool stars of equal mass, age and composition. We first demonstrate that SSMs accurately predict the Li abundances of solar analogs at the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) within theoretical uncertainties. We then measure the rate of MS Li depletion by removing the [Fe/H]-dependent ZAMS Li pattern from three well-studied clusters, and comparing the detrended data. MS depletion is found to be mass dependent, in the sense of more depletion at low mass. A dispersion in Li abundance at fixed $T_{\rm eff}$ is nearly universal, and sets in by $\sim$200 Myr. We discuss mass and age dispersion trends, and the pattern is mixed. We argue that metallicity impacts the ZAMS Li pattern, in agreement with theoretical expectations but contrary to the findings of some previous studies, and suggest Li as a test of cluster metallicity. Finally, we argue that a radius dispersion in stars of fixed mass and age, during the epoch of pre-MS Li destruction, is responsible for the spread in Li abundances and the correlation between rotation and Li in young cool stars, most well known in the Pleiades. We calculate stellar models, inflated to match observed radius anomalies in magnetically active systems, and the resulting range of Li abundances reproduces the observed patterns of young clusters. We discuss ramifications for pre-MS evolutionary tracks and age measurements of young clusters, and suggest an observational test.Comment: 29 pages, 20 Figures, 4 Tables. A short video discussing the key results can be found at this link: http://youtu.be/8576JQ0WkY

Rotation of Horizontal Branch Stars in Globular Clusters

The rotation of horizontal branch stars places important constraints on angular momentum evolution in evolved stars and therefore rotational mixing on the giant branch. Prompted by new observations of rotation rates of horizontal branch stars, we calculate simple models for the angular momentum evolution of a globular cluster giant star from the base of the giant branch to the star's appearance on the horizontal branch. We include mass loss, and infer the accompanied loss of angular momentum for each of four assumptions about the internal angular momentum profile. These models are compared to observations of horizontal branch rotation rates in M13. We find that rapid rotation on the horizontal branch can be reconciled with slow solid body main sequence rotation if giant branch stars have differential rotation in their convective envelopes and a rapidly rotating core, which is then followed by a redistribution of angular momentum on the horizontal branch. We discuss the physical reasons why these very different properties relative to the solar case may exist in giants. Rapid rotation in the core of the main sequence precursors of the rapidly rotating horizontal branch star, or an angular momentum source on the giant branch is required for all cases if the rotational velocity of turnoff stars is less than 4 km s$^{-1}$. We suggest that the observed range in rotation rates on the horizontal branch is caused by internal angular momentum redistribution which occurs on a timescale comparable to the evolution of the stars on the horizontal branch. The apparent lack of rapid horizontal branch rotators hotter than 12 000 K in M13 could be a consequence of gravitational settling, which inhibits internal angular momentum transport. Alternative explanations and observational tests are discussed.Comment: 32 pages, 7 figures, submitted to the Astrophysical Journa

Preliminary Evaluation of the Kepler Input Catalog Extinction Model Using Stellar Temperatures

The Kepler Input Catalog (KIC) provides reddening estimates for its stars, based on the assumption of a simple exponential dusty screen. This project focuses on evaluating and improving these reddening estimates for the KIC's giant stars, for which extinction is a much more significant concern than for the nearby dwarf stars. We aim to improve the calibration (and thus consistency) amongst various photometric and spectroscopic temperatures of stars in the Kepler field by removing systematics due to incorrect extinction assumptions. The revised extinction estimates may then be used to derive improved stellar and planetary properties. We plan to eventually use the large number of KIC stars as probes into the structure and properties of the Galactic ISM.Comment: Proc. of the workshop "Asteroseismology of stellar populations in the Milky Way" (Sesto, 22-26 July 2013), Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, (eds. A. Miglio, L. Girardi, P. Eggenberger, J. Montalban