Utjecaj finih recikliranih vlakana na svojstva ručno izrađenog papira od nemljevene i mljevene celuloze

In this study, 5, 10, and 15 % secondary fines of recycled pulp were added to unbeaten and beaten (28 ºSR) samples of recycled pulp, Turkish Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) kraft pulp, and European aspen (Populus tremula L.) kraft pulp. The effects of the addition of fiber fines on hand sheets properties were evaluated. The addition of fiber fines to the unbeaten pulps improved the strength properties of hand sheets. The roughness of hand sheets was also decreased with the addition of fines. When fiber fines were added to the beaten pulps, the type of pulp strongly affected the paper strength properties. The strength properties of beaten pulps of Turkish Calabrian pine and European aspen were decreased with the addition of fiber fines, while the strength properties of beaten pulps of recycled pulp were increased. On the other hand, the air permeance of unbeaten and beaten samples was decreased with the addition of fiber fines. Consequently, the addition of fines to unbeaten and beaten pulps had a more pronounced effect on European aspen kraft pulp and recycled pulp than on Turkish Calabrian pine kraft pulp. Also, the strength of paper made of unbeaten recycled pulp with the addition of 15 % fines was higher than that of fines-free beaten recycled pulp.U radu je opisano istraživanje u kojemu je mljevenoj i nemljevenoj (28 °SR) recikliranoj celulozi, kraft celulozi od brucijskog bora (Pinus brutia Ten.) i kraf celulozi od jasike (Populus tremula L.) dodano 5, 10 i 15 % sekundarnih finih vlakana reciklirane celuloze. Utvrđeni su učinci dodavanja finih vlakana na svojstva ručno izrađenih papira. Dodatak vlakana nemljevenoj celulozi pridonio je povećanju čvrstoće i smanjenju hrapavosti ručno izrađenih papira. Pri dodavanju vlakana mljevenoj celulozi velik je utjecaj na čvrstoću papira imala vrsta celuloze. Čvrstoća mljevene celuloze od brucijskog bora i jasike dodatkom vlakana se smanjila, dok se čvrstoća mljevene reciklirane celuloze povećala. Usto, dodatkom vlakana smanjena je propusnost zraka mljevenih i nemljevenih uzoraka. Posljedično, učinak dodavanja vlakana mljevenoj i nemljevenoj celulozi bio je veći za kraft celulozu od jasike i recikliranu celulozu nego za kraft celulozu od brucijskog bora. Također, čvrstoća papira od mljevene reciklirane celuloze s dodatkom 15 % vlakana bila je veća od čvrstoće papira od mljevene celuloze bez dodatka vlakana

Contrast training in football and its effect on the performance of students in this field of education

Many factors determine success in football. But the most important of these are the physical and physiological variables that determine the performance of football players. Meeting these physical and physiological needs is also based on training methods prepared following branch-specific neural, muscular, and metabolic parameters. In football, for some reason, sufficient time cannot be allocated to the biomotor properties that need to be developed. Different methods are put forward to eliminate the obstacles that occur. One of these methods, which was discussed in the educational system of this field, was the idea of combining different strength training. Although there are different designs on these training in the literature, the most commonly studied methods are complex and contrast training. Complex and contrast training is based on the theory of post-activation potentiation, although there are minor differences between them. These methods generally include plyometric exercise followed by a severe strength exercise. For this reason, contrast and complex training are considered by some researchers as similar training methods, while studies that claim otherwise are also found in the literature. Discussions continue in terms of training protocols and training terms which are used. These methods are investigated by experts with many different protocols when the literature is examined. Confusion in the literature also affects studies on football. Complex and contrast training protocols in football that are used to define the purpose of this study, to examine the effect on player performance, on methods to deal with developments and discussions with existing methods to evaluate the positive and negative aspects to provide a critical perspective on sensible recommendations

Inflammatory response markers in rats undergoing abdominal surgical procedures

Background The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cortisol, interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) count as inflammatory markers to evaluate the postoperative inflammatory response associated with various abdominal surgical procedures in rats. Methods Wistar albino rats (N=152) were randomly assigned to 7 groups: control, hepatectomy, splenectomy, nephrectomy, colectomy, gastrectomy, and sham. Apart from the control group, each group was then divided into 3 subgroups: 6th, 24th and 48th h. Thus, a total of 19 groups were defined, each including 8 rats. At the 6th, 24th and 48th h following the surgical procedures blood samples from each rat were collected. The plasma concentrations of IL- 6, cortisol, CRP, and WBC were measured. Results Both the surgery category and the elapsed time after the surgery had a significant effect on IL-6 levels (P<0.0001). Blood CRP levels were primarily determined by the surgery category (P<0.0001). Neither surgery nor the elapsed time had a significant effect on the cortisol levels. The elapsed time after surgery was the major factor that influenced the differences in WBC count among the surgery groups (P<0.0001). Conclusions Our results cumulatively indicate that the levels of IL-6, CRP, and cortisol and WBC count change at different time points after several abdominal surgical procedures. Cortisol level is not related to the type of surgical procedure or the elapsed time, while WBC count decreases with the elapsed time. None of the changes in the markers investigated in this study is specifically related to the category of abdominal surgical procedure

Engelli Bireylerin Çalışma Hayatında Maruz Kaldıkları Duygusal Yükler: Sakarya İli Örneği

Engelli bireylerin istihdam edilmesi sanayi devriminden günümüze kadarki süreçte her zaman bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra engelli bireylerin istihdam edilmesi yönünde bir takım gelişmeler yaşanmaya başlamış ancak yeterli derece çözüm üretilememiştir. Engelli bireylerin istihdam sorunu dışında,  istihdam edildikten sonra da çalışma hayatında birçok sorun yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu sorunların bazıları iş yerindeki çalışanlardan kaynaklanırken diğer kısmı ise işveren ya da işyerindeki şef veya amirlerinden kaynaklamaktadır. İş hayatındaki engelli bireylerin yaşamış olduğu sorunlar birey üzerinde belirli duygusal yüklerin oluşmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışma hayatındaki engelli bireylerin maruz kaldıkları duygusal yüklerin tespit edilmesi ve bu yüklerin engellilik türüne göre farklılıklarının belirlenmesidir. Çalışma yöntem olarak nitel bir araştırma üzerine kurgulanmış ve 5 engellilik türünden toplam 25 engelli bireyle yüz yüze mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mülakatlar Nvivo11 programı ile analiz edilip yorumlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma farklı engel türlerine sahip engelli bireylerin, çalışma hayatında maruz kaldıkları duygusal yüklerin oranlarında da farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir.Engelli bireylerin istihdam edilmesi sanayi devriminden günümüze kadarki süreçte her zaman bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra engelli bireylerin istihdam edilmesi yönünde bir takım gelişmeler yaşanmaya başlamış ancak yeterli derece çözüm üretilememiştir. Engelli bireylerin istihdam sorunu dışında,  istihdam edildikten sonra da çalışma hayatında birçok sorun yaşadığı görülmektedir. Bu sorunların bazıları iş yerindeki çalışanlardan kaynaklanırken diğer kısmı ise işveren ya da işyerindeki şef veya amirlerinden kaynaklamaktadır. İş hayatındaki engelli bireylerin yaşamış olduğu sorunlar birey üzerinde belirli duygusal yüklerin oluşmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çalışma hayatındaki engelli bireylerin maruz kaldıkları duygusal yüklerin tespit edilmesi ve bu yüklerin engellilik türüne göre farklılıklarının belirlenmesidir. Çalışma yöntem olarak nitel bir araştırma üzerine kurgulanmış ve 5 engellilik türünden toplam 25 engelli bireyle yüz yüze mülakat gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mülakatlar Nvivo11 programı ile analiz edilip yorumlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma farklı engel türlerine sahip engelli bireylerin, çalışma hayatında maruz kaldıkları duygusal yüklerin oranlarında da farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir

a review of methodological design choices

Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3,053 studies of which 2,948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results.publishersversionepub_ahead_of_prin

Burden of disease attributable to risk factors in European countries: a scoping literature review

Objectives: Within the framework of the burden of disease (BoD) approach, disease, and injury burden estimates attributable to risk factors are a useful guide for policy formulation and priority setting in disease prevention. Considering the important differences in methods, and their impact on burden estimates, we conducted a scoping literature review to: (1) map the BoD assessments including risk factors performed across Europe, and (2) identify the methodological choices in comparative risk assessment (CRA) and risk assessment methods. Methods: We searched multiple literature databases, including grey literature websites, and targeted public health agencies' websites. Results: A total of 113 studies were included in the synthesis and further divided into independent BoD assessments (54 studies) and studies linked to the Global Burden of Disease (59 papers). Our results showed that the methods used to perform CRA varied substantially across independent European BoD studies. While there were some methodological choices that were more common than others, we did not observe patterns in terms of country, year, or risk factor. Each methodological choice can affect the comparability of estimates between and within countries and/or risk factors since they might significantly influence the quantification of the attributable burden. From our analysis, we observed that the use of CRA was less common for some types of risk factors and outcomes. These included environmental and occupational risk factors, which are more likely to use bottom-up approaches for health outcomes where disease envelopes may not be available. Conclusions: Our review also highlighted misreporting, the lack of uncertainty analysis, and the under-investigation of causal relationships in BoD studies. Development and use of guidelines for performing and reporting BoD studies will help understand differences, and avoid misinterpretations thus improving comparability among estimates.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Burden of infectious disease studies in Europe and the United Kingdom: a review of methodological design choices.

This systematic literature review aimed to provide an overview of the characteristics and methods used in studies applying the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) concept for infectious diseases within European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA)/European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries and the United Kingdom. Electronic databases and grey literature were searched for articles reporting the assessment of DALY and its components. We considered studies in which researchers performed DALY calculations using primary epidemiological data input sources. We screened 3053 studies of which 2948 were excluded and 105 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 22 were multi-country and 83 were single-country studies, of which 46 were from the Netherlands. Food- and water-borne diseases were the most frequently studied infectious diseases. Between 2015 and 2022, the number of burden of infectious disease studies was 1.6 times higher compared to that published between 2000 and 2014. Almost all studies (97%) estimated DALYs based on the incidence- and pathogen-based approach and without social weighting functions; however, there was less methodological consensus with regards to the disability weights and life tables that were applied. The number of burden of infectious disease studies undertaken across Europe has increased over time. Development and use of guidelines will promote performing burden of infectious disease studies and facilitate comparability of the results