125 research outputs found

    The role of solid particles in emulsion polymerization – synthesis and kinetic studies

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    Control of particle morphology and chemical functionality in polymer dispersions have been of growing interest in the scientific community for the past decades. The possibility of regulating asymmetry, in both shape and chemical composition, has been sought as a way of creating complex advanced materials. In these materials the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of different phases are combined, in a synergistic way, in an attempt of mimicking nature’s behaviour. This thesis particularly deals with nanocomposite materials: materials where at least one of the different phases has two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometres. Among the plethora of synthetic pathways developed for the controlled synthesis of nanocomposite colloids, this work focuses on a process called Pickering emulsion polymerization; a seeded emulsion polymerization reaction where a polymer phase is formed in-situ in the presence of a stabilizing nano-sized colloid formed ex-situ. The product of the reaction typically is that of a polymeric particle surrounded by a dense shell of stabilizing agent. The main advantages are the ease of operation, absence of high shear homogenization steps and of molecular surfactants. The latter is of key importance for instance in coating applications where surfactant migration during and after film formation can be detrimental for the final film properties. In this work, initially Pickering emulsion polymerization is thoroughly explored from a kinetic and mechanistic viewpoint using a model system consisting of SiO2 nanoparticles and styrene or methyl methacrylate as monomers. These relatively well-known systems are used to draw more conclusive theories on the mechanism governing particle formation and specifically the mode of stabilizer adsorption at the polymer interface. Once assessed the main processes influencing the fate of the reaction, a first step towards the implementation of added complexity in the system is taken by moving towards polymeric block copolymer stabilizers, where the chemical composition can be tailored by changing the type of monomer used. Both dispersion and emulsion polymerization approaches are discussed, with a particular focus on the development of protocols which do not contain added coloration or malodorous compounds. This increases the complexity of the system as the adopted chain-transfer agents require to operate in monomer starve fed conditions in order to allow control over chain-growth. This was found not to be compatible with dispersion polymerization, or polymerization induced selfassembly, reaction conditions. Nevertheless, a solution to the problem is proposed which yielded polymer self-assemblies of various morphologies. Finally, nanometric polymeric stabilizers (i.e. crosslinked block copolymer micelles, or nanogels) produced by the more successful emulsion polymerization approaches are adopted in Pickering emulsion polymerization reactions as sole stabilizers. The controlled destabilization of the nanogels by pH adjustment and background electrolyte addition led to polymer colloids of Janus, patchy or armoured morphology. Such particles are characterized by a given number of surface protrusions, with the same chemical composition as the nanogels adopted in the protocol

    Restrictive Practices: The Impact of Seclusion and Restraint Events on Inpatient Staff in Psychiatric Facilities

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    The purpose of this qualitative descriptive phenomenological study was to explore how staff cope with the experience of SR events at designated receiving facilities within Florida. By examining the experience of staff, the researcher aimed to understand the impact of those experiences on their attitudes toward SR, their use and knowledge of alternatives, and the factors that contribute to the decision to implement SR in the inpatient psychiatric environment. The research question explored how psychiatric staff describe their lived experiences in SR events within a designated Baker Act receiving facility. Participants were staff employed at Baker Act receiving facilities in Florida who participated in or witnessed seclusion and restraint events during their employment. Each participant was interviewed separately via Zoom utilizing a broad set of interview questions. Interviews were recorded and then transcribed for the purpose of reading, coding, and identifying emerging themes. The study identified four major themes that reflected underlying experiences of conflict, concerns for safety, ideas for improvement of practices, and an acceptance of responsibility for the failure of interventions leading to seclusion and restraint practices

    A mechanistic investigation of Pickering emulsion polymerization

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    Pickering emulsion polymerization offers a versatile way of synthetising hybrid core–shell latexes where a polymer core is surrounded by an armour of inorganic nanoparticles. A mechanistic understanding of the polymerization process is limited which restricts the use of the technique in the fabrication of more complex, multilayered colloids. In this paper clarity is provided through an in-depth investigation into the Pickering emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of nano-sized colloidal silica (Ludox TM-40). Mechanistic insights are discussed by studying both the adsorption of the stabiliser to the surface of the latex particles and polymerization kinetics. The adhesion of the Pickering nanoparticles was found not to be spontaneous, as confirmed by cryo-TEM analysis of MMA droplets in water and monomer-swollen PMMA latexes. This supports the theory that the inorganic particles are driven towards the interface as a result of a heterocoagulation event in the water phase with a growing oligoradical. The emulsion polymerizations were monitored by reaction calorimetry in order to establish accurate values for monomer conversion and the overall rate of polymerizations (Rp). Rp increased for higher initial silica concentrations and the polymerizations were found to follow pseudo-bulk kinetics

    Amarrar ressonùncias: consideraçÔes sobre desenho e antropologia

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    Este artigo visa reunir consideraçÔes da antropologia sobre o desenho, articulando-as a aprendizagens recebidas em minha experiĂȘncia de campo com artistas inga, na ColĂŽmbia. Primeiramente, apresenta-se um conjunto de autores que tĂȘm renovado os usos e compreensĂ”es do desenhar na pesquisa em antropologia e/ou autores que consideram as implicaçÔes do desenho para seus sujeitos de pesquisa, inclusive por meio de uma discussĂŁo das noçÔes de desenho, design, grafismo e imagem, entre outras. Em segundo lugar, apresentam-se consideraçÔes de meus interlocutores de pesquisa sobre o desenho. Para finalizar, o artigo levanta algumas questĂ”es, a fim de sugerir alcances, efeitos e ressonĂąncias dessas reflexĂ”es para a pesquisa em antropologia.This article seeks to bring together anthropological considerations about drawing, in articulation with examples from my own fieldwork with Inga artists in Colombia. Firstly, I present a conjunction of authors who have renewed the uses and understanding of drawing in anthropological research and/or authors who consider the implications of drawing among their subjects, including a discussion on the notions of drawing, design, designs (as graphic inscriptions) and image, among others. Secondly, I present some considerations from my research subjects about drawing. Finally, the article raises some questions in order to suggest the extent, effects and resonances of these thoughts for research in anthropology

    Dos corpos, a terra: notas sobre a criatividade no trabalho de Rosa Tisoy

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    Este artigo propĂ”e olhar para obras como Sara Indi (Milho de Sol) e Kanimi Alli Uñangapa (Sou Boa Semente), da artista inga Rosa Tisoy, buscando situĂĄ-las enquanto lugares onde o conhecimento se realiza como efeito da co-presença de seres que ali se encontram e lugares da criatividade, onde a vida se perpetua entre diferentes seres. Conhecer, como criar, Ă© partilhar samai (“alento”) e depende de um bonito pensar – suma yuyay –, aspecto importante do bem viver – suma kaugsay. Situado como lugar do conhecimento (um “lugar de vida e pensamento”), o trabalho de Rosa transita por fluxos criativos que percorrem as chagras (roças) e o chumbe (faixa tecida, com desenhos)

    Chão em Chamas: Simbologias de um México em Busca de Redenção

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    Toward sulfur-free RAFT polymerization induced self-assembly

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    Polymerization induced self-assembly (PISA) using methacrylate-based macromonomers as RAFT agents is an unexplored, attractive route to make self-assembled colloidal objects. The use of this class of RAFT-agents in heterogeneous polymerizations is however not trivial, because of their inherent low reactivity. In this work we demonstrate that two obstacles need to be overcome, one being control of chain-growth (propagation), the other monomer partitioning. Batch dispersion polymerizations of hydroxypropyl methacrylate in the presence of poly(glycerol methacrylate) macromonomers in water showed limited control of chain-growth. Semicontinuous experiments whereby monomer was fed improved results only to some extent. Control of propagation is essential for PISA to allow for dynamic rearrangement of colloidal structures. We tackled the problem of monomer partitioning (caused by uncontrolled particle nucleation) by starting the polymerization with an amphiphilic thermoresponsive diblock copolymer, already “phase-separated” from solution. TEM analysis showed that PISA was successful and that different particle morphologies were obtained throughout the polymerization

    Erosão num pedaço de papel

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    Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de BrasĂ­lia, Instituto de CiĂȘncias Sociais, Departamento de Antropologia, Programa de PĂłs-graduação em Antropologia Social, 2019.Esta tese busca caminhar palavras sobre minhas aprendizagens com os artistas ingas BenjamĂ­n Jacanamijoy Tisoy, Carlos Jacanamijoy Tisoy, Kindi Llajtu, Rosa Tisoy Tandioy, Tirsa Taira Chindoy Chasoy e outros amigos, com especial destaque Ă  yacha mamita Merceditas Tisoy de Jacanamijoy, em BogotĂĄ e no Valle de Sibundoy, ColĂŽmbia. A palavra caminhar (purij) Ă© usada com frequĂȘncia por meus amigos, em referĂȘncia Ă  maneira com que tudo o que faz parte da existĂȘncia possui um caminhar. Por meio de um caminhar, a criatividade flui e dĂĄ muitas coisas, como plantas e quadros. Assim, “caminhar palavras” Ă© escrever como quem traça uma linha no papel e amarra um percurso por meio de um desenho, ou como quem tece, ou semeia a terra. Um caminhar se refere a atividades como passear e viajar pela terra; dedilhar fios de tecido na confecção de chumbes (uma faixa de lĂŁ desenhada, que se usa principalmente sobre o ventre, feito cinto) e outras prendas de vestir; semear e cuidar do crescimento das plantas; e seguir linhas que podem virar desenhos, entre muitas outras coisas. Caminhar Ă© ver a criatividade que flui atravĂ©s das muitas coisas que nascem e crescem nos caminhos de alguĂ©m. Isto envolve uma maneira de fazer bem/bonito, ou melhor, suma ruray (suma: bom, bonito; ruray: fazer, em inga). Aprendi, com meus amigos, que territĂłrios da existĂȘncia se ampliam atravĂ©s do suma ruray, seja porque Ă© desse modo que pessoas se fazem, ou porque Ă© assim que se recorda aqueles que vieram de outros tempos, sejam antes ou depois (ñujpa, nos dois casos). Suma ruray Ă© uma dimensĂŁo do suma kaugsay (bom/bonito viver), junto com suma yuyay (bom/bonito pensar). TambĂ©m Ă© como a terra se expande. Mais do que arte, como conceberĂ­amos no ocidente, a vida como um todo nasce e cresce a partir de um bonito fazer. Assim, uma obra pode se tornar uma erosĂŁo, que desfaz e refaz seu prĂłprio lugar de aparição e existĂȘncia.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de NĂ­vel Superior (CAPES) e Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientĂ­fico (CNPq).This thesis seeks to walk words (“caminar palabras”) about my learnings with the Inga artists BenjamĂ­n Jacanamijoy Tisoy, Carlos Jacanamijoy Tisoy, Kindi Llajtu, Rosa Tisoy Tandioy, Tirsa Taira Chindoy Chasoy and other friends, with a special mention to yacha Mamita Merceditas Tisoy, in both BogotĂĄ and the Valle de Sibundoy, Colombia. The word walk is often used by my friends, in reference to the ways in which everything that exists has a walk. By walking, creativity flows and many things, such as plants and paintings, are made. In that sense, “to walk words” is writing as one who draws a line on paper and “ties” (amarra) a route through a drawing, or as one who weaves, or one who sows the earth. The word “walking” refers to activities such as wayfaring and traveling the earth; strumming strands of fabric in the making of a chumbe (a woolen band covered by designs, which is mainly worn over the womb, like a belt) and other dressing itens; sowing and taking care of plant growth; and following lines that can become drawings, among many other things. Walking is a manner of seeing how creativity flows through one’s path. It involves one’s beautiful making/good making, or rather their suma ruray (suma: good, beautiful; ruray: to make, in Inga). I learned from my friends that existential territories grow through suma ruray, either because this is how people are made, or because this is how to remember those who came from other times, times before or after (ñujpa, in both cases). Suma ruray is a dimension of suma kaugsay (good/beautiful living), along with suma yuyay (good/beautiful thinking). It is also how the earth expands. More than art, as we would conceive it in the West, life as a whole grows through one’s suma ruray. Thus a working can become an erosion, making and unmaking its own place of appearance and existence

    JOGOS DE BARBANTE, LINHAS, AMARRAÇÕES E OUTRAS FIGURAS NA COMPOSIÇÃO DE ETNOGRAFIAS ESCRITAS E SENSORIAIS

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    Proposto por Luis Felipe Kojima Hirano (UFG) e por Tatiana Lotierzo (USP), o dossiĂȘ n. 64 da Iluminuras, com previsĂŁo de publicação em março de 2023, abordarĂĄ o tema "Jogos de barbante, linhas, amarraçÔes e outras figuras na composição de etnografias escritas e sensoriais". A antropologia atual vem adotando imagens que implicam uma maneira de pensar relaçÔes como fluxos, transformaçÔes e devires. Nesse sentido, alguns antropĂłlogos adotam figuras-chave para a composição de seus textos: encontram-se aqui, por exemplo, as “linhas” que Tim Ingold (2007) propĂ”e percorrer, os “jogos de barbante [string figures]” que mobilizam a escrita de Donna Haraway (2016), sendo ambos voltados a possibilidades de “conhecer com” e nĂŁo mais “sobre” ou “a partir de”. Essas formulaçÔes remetem e devem muito, por sua vez, a relaçÔes com mundos vastos, muito alĂ©m dos limites do acadĂȘmico e a preocupaçÔes com a perpetuação da vida em um cenĂĄrio de devastação ambiental sem precedentes.  Para Ingold (2007), as linhas sĂŁo um campo de investigação antropolĂłgica, pois a prĂłpria vida Ă© vivida ao longo de linhas, deixando pegadas quando caminhamos, inscriçÔes e costuras quando escrevemos e tecemos, mas tambĂ©m ao observarmos, narrarmos e desenhamos. A linha nĂŁo pode ser confundida com linearidade ou como um conector entre pontos, ela deve ser pensada como um fluxo transformacional que permite produzir novas correspondĂȘncias.  Haraway (2016) retoma o jogo de barbante navajo Ma’ii Ats’áá’ YĂ­lwoĂ­ (“Coiotes correndo em direçÔes opostas”), que remonta ao desmanche dos padrĂ”es arranjados por Deus Fogo pelo trickster Coiote. Jogos de barbante sĂŁo feitos e desfeitos com diferentes mundos de SF – science facts, speculative fabulations, speculative feminism, string figures â€“ que envolvem a passagem de padrĂ”es desejados ou nĂŁo pelas mĂŁos de diferentes jogadores e, com isso, uma responsa-habilidade (response-ability) pela continuação do jogo, pela perpetuação dos mundos, de modo a “ficar com os problemas”.   Merecem atenção muitos outros exemplos de pensamentos e movimentos que se concebem e se distribuem atravĂ©s de linhas e fluxos em movimento, sugerindo estabilizaçÔes provisĂłrias – atĂ© que outro jogador receba a trama dos fios –, para logo se transformar em novas perguntas. É o caso dos desenhos – como os desenhos yanomami que compĂ”em uma nova topologia com o papel, adentrando a terra-floresta (Kopenawa e Albert, 2015; Garcia dos Santos, 2014), os grafismos e outras composiçÔes –, dos caminhos e territĂłrios sentidos ao caminhar pegadas, dos pontos riscados e dos Adinkra em filosofias africanas e amefricaladinoamericanas (Gonzales, 1998 e Rios, 2019) e das inĂșmeras amarraçÔes com linhas envolvendo diferentes superfĂ­cies – corpos, cestaria, tecidos, papel, cantos e outras –, e esses sĂŁo apenas alguns engajamentos criativos possĂ­veis, que recordamos em meio Ă  vasta gama de possibilidades de conhecimento atravĂ©s/em “emaranhados intra-ativos” (Barad, 2007).   Buscamos pensar em que medida e de que modo imagens/figuraçÔes como jogos de barbante, linhas e amarraçÔes, entre outras, mudam o escopo e os efeitos da pesquisa em antropologia. O dossiĂȘ receberĂĄ artigos e ensaios com imagens e/ou sons desdobrados de etnografias escritas e sensoriais que tenham encontrado, em seus caminhos, perguntas e respostas envolvendo a importĂąncia de figuraçÔes que busquem envolver o conhecimento ali presentificado em fluxos que nĂŁo pretendem estancĂĄ-lo, mas sim dar-se o risco de mover o barbante sem deixar que ele se desfaça. &nbsp
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