Osteometric variation of the human spine in Central Europe by historic time period and its microevolutionary implications.

This study investigates the osteometry and variation of the human spine. 348 human skeletons dating from 28,000 B.C. to the mid-20th century A.D. from 24 sites mainly in Switzerland and Southern Germany, and without macroscopic pathology, were measured with a caliper. The samples showed a microevolutionary increase in most of the spinal variables. As both mean values and standard deviations increased, this higher intra-group variability could be explained to be a result of relaxed natural selection. Various environmental or genetic factors could explain the short-term alteration of the spinal osteometry. The relative smaller size and decrease with age of the bony outline of the neural pathways in males could explain their high vulnerability to modern lower back pathologies.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept of Anatomical Sciences, 200

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.Peer reviewe

Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Summary Background Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents. Methods For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence. Findings We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls. Interpretation The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks

Ancient DNA Investigation of a Medieval German Cemetery Confirms Long-Term Stability of CCR5-∆32 Allele Frequencies in Central Europe

The CCR5-Δ32 mutation present in European populations is among the most prominently debated cases of recent positive selection in humans. This allele, a 32-bp deletion that renders the T-cell CCR5 receptor nonfunctional, has important epidemiological and public health significance, as homozygous carriers are resistant to several HIV strains. However, although the function of this allele in preventing HIV infection is now well described, its human evolutionary origin is poorly understood. Initial attempts to determine the emergence of the CCR5-Δ32 allele pointed to selection during the 14th-century Black Death pandemic; however, subsequent analyses suggest that the allele rose in frequency more than 5,000 years ago, possibly through drift. Recently, three studies have identified populations predating the 14th century CE that are positive for the CCR5-Δ32 allele, supporting the claim for a more ancient origin. However, these studies also suggest poorly understood regional differences in the recent evolutionary history of the CCR5-Δ32 allele. Here a new hydrolysis-probe-based real-time PCR assay was designed to ascertain CCR5 allele frequency in 53 individuals from a 10th- to 12th-century CE church and convent complex in central Germany that predates outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic. High-confidence genotypes were obtained for 32 individuals, and results show that CCR5-Δ32 allele frequency has remained unchanged in this region of Central Europe over the last millennium, suggesting that there has been no strong positive selective pressure over this time period and confirming a more ancient origin for the allele

The Gout of Duke Frederick of Montefeltro (1422 - 1482): historical sources and osteological evidence

Frederick of Montefeltro (1422-1482), Duke of Urbino, is one of the foremost warlords and patron of the arts of the whole Italian Renaissance. He died in Ferrara in the autumn of 1482 after contracting an infectious disease during his last military campaign in Northern Italy. His body was taken to Urbino and after solemn funerals it was embalmed. The corpse remained in a wooden coffin hung to the wall, to the right of the main altar, in the church of San Bernardini until 1620, when it was placed in a burial chamber under the floor of the church. The remains were exhumed twice: in 1824 and in 1938. On both occasions they were found in a rather poor state of preservation. The last exhumation in 2000 confirmed the extremely poor preservation status of his skeletal remains. However it was possible to note a marked development of the muscular attachments of the upper limbs and of the pelvic bone, especially of the iliac crest, that are the result of considerable physical activity, unmistakably linked to his extensive practice of horse riding. The most remarkable find is the first metatarsal bone of the right foot, fortunatly still well preserved. The metatarsal, showing a deep erosion at the medial side, has subsequently undergone radiological analysis (conventional X-ray and CT scan) which clearly demonstrated the typical morphology of a gouty lesion, exhibiting a periarticular lytic lesion with an excavated appearance and foci of reactive bone deposition and sclerosis around the margins. Various historical sources report that Federico of Montefeltro suffered from a severe form of gout, but an outstanding primary source is a handwritten private letter sent by the Duke to his physician Battiderro da Mercatello in 1461, that clarifies the gouty nature of his ailments. The study shows how an alliance between historical, documental and paleopathological methods may increase the precision of retrospective diagnoses, thus helping to shed clearer ligth onto the antiquity and evolution of diseases

A medieval infant burial from Quimper (Bretagne - France): an example of brain preservation in wetland

International audienceA medieval infant burial from Quimper (Bretagne - France): an example of brain preservation in wetlan