SOCIAL ANXIETY AND SOCIAL COMPETENCE AS DETERMINANTS OF BULLYING BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD, SINDH, PAKISTAN

This study investigated the social anxiety and social competence as determinants of bullying student’s behavior of among college students in Pakistan. To define the level of social anxiety and bullying behavior of students which self, peers, regard fatalities as having poorer social skills through 20 behavior’s/competences. A convenience sample of 230 pupils aged between 12 to 14 years (130 girls and 100 boys) provided self-report and peer-report data. They were taken from four colleges of Hyderabad city Sindh Pakistan, like as I mentioned zubaida government degree Girls College Hyderabad, Hayat Girls College Hyderabad, Government Boys degree College Qasimabad, Government degree College kohsar Hyderabad. Furthermore the researcher has used quantitative method survey questionnaire distribute to the respondents for data collection. Analysis through SPSS version 26 Post hoc multiple comparisons of social anxiety and social competence of bullying behavior of students experiences with social anxiety in college students. Study situations using Mann–Whitney U tests demographic information of respondent’s, analysis reliability analysis. In results researcher has found some of the main cause behind this study social anxiety and bullying behavior of students playing negative role in the society. This research will be fruitful for the scholars and policy makers. Article visualizations

The Socıo-Economıc Impact of Ngos Development on Benefıcıarıes ın Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provınce (Kp) of Pakıstan

This study focuses on the analysis of socio-economic impacts of Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) development on beneficiaries in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) of Pakistan. In order to accomplish the task, the qualitative method has been adopted based on the triangulation method in the study. Three fundamental approaches comprising of Regime Theory, Agency Theory, and Theory of Change have been applied to examine the role of NGOs. The findings illustrated a fact that NGO in KP are the root of improving the standard of living of beneficiaries who are poor and socially separated. In opposition, some adverse impacts of these NGOs were found during the 9/11 incident when the beneficiaries were socially divided and poorly developed. However, these impacts do not take over the positivity of NGOs development in KP including the Aga Khan Rural Support Program (AKRSP) and such kinds of other NGOs

Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0·9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0·9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124. Findings: Between July 4, 2013, and June 21, 2019, we randomly allocated 12 009 patients to receive tranexamic acid (5994, 49·9%) or matching placebo (6015, 50·1%), of whom 11 952 (99·5%) received the first dose of the allocated treatment. Death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation occurred in 222 (4%) of 5956 patients in the tranexamic acid group and in 226 (4%) of 5981 patients in the placebo group (risk ratio [RR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·18). Arterial thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) were similar in the tranexamic acid group and placebo group (42 [0·7%] of 5952 vs 46 [0·8%] of 5977; 0·92; 0·60 to 1·39). Venous thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) were higher in tranexamic acid group than in the placebo group (48 [0·8%] of 5952 vs 26 [0·4%] of 5977; RR 1·85; 95% CI 1·15 to 2·98). Interpretation: We found that tranexamic acid did not reduce death from gastrointestinal bleeding. On the basis of our results, tranexamic acid should not be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding outside the context of a randomised trial

Jeseter (Acipenser) představuje evoluční přechod od holoblastického k meroblastickému rýhování a unikátní způsob vývoje střeva

A vertebrate embryo's cleavage pattern is either holoblastic (complete) or meroblastic (partial). Holoblastic cleavage is thought to be ancestral to vertebrates and is most likely to occur in amphibians, mammals, and chondrosteans. Meroblastic cleavage has evolved five times in vertebrate lineages, including hagfish, elasmobranchs, coelacanths, teleosts, and amniotes. In holoblastic cleavage (as in Xenopus laevis embryos), all blastomeres contribute to one of the germ layers. On the contrary, in meroblastic cleavage pattern (as in teleosts and amniotes-including birds and reptiles), only the animal pole contributes the formation of the germ layers. The transition from holoblastic to meroblastic is usually occurred by an increase in egg size in comparison to the lineage's ancestral state. Sturgeons evolved about 200 million years ago (mya). Their eggs are significantly larger than that of X. laevis. Despite the variation in sizes, their embryos retain nearly characteristics the same as that of X. laevis. Nevertheless, vegetal blastomeres of sturgeons are bigger and divide slower than that of X. laevis. It was speculated that vegetal blastomeres of sturgeon are extraembryonic as in yolk of teleost (zebrafish) and Yolk cells of (YCs) of bichir-earliest diverged living group of actinopterygian fishes, agnathan lampreys (Petromyzontidae)-an extant lineage of jawless fishes and an Eleutherodactylus coqui (direct developing frog). Furthermore, the gut development pattern of sturgeon (Acipenser) and its evolutionary conservation was poorly understood so far. First, we developed the robust technique for specific blastomeres inhibition of sturgeon embryos using diatoms-derived polyunsaturated aldehydes, 2, 4-Decadienal (DD; a model aldehyde for experimental studies). The sturgeon's embryos were injected with optimal DD percentage (0.01 v/v) and subsequently irradiating them by visible light (91.15 - 44.86 W m2). Notably, DD plus light, and not DD injection or light irradiation alone can inhibit cleavage. Furthermore, qPCR-tomography revealed that localized pattern of maternal mRNA remained constant through animal-vegetal axis in partially cleaved embryos when compared to normal. Second, fate-mapping of sturgeon vegetal blastomeres revealed that these blastomeres gave rise to primordial germ cells (PGCs), and the rest of the descendants were vegetal yolk cells. Plastic section histology showed that the nuclei of vegetal yolky cells sharply declined as embryos developed. In addition, inhibition of vegetal blastomeres, RT-qPCR and BrdU pulse revealed that yolk cells become transcriptionally inactive after mid-blastula transition. Here, our results suggested that the meroblastic cleavage in actinopterygian lineage had evolved by the fusion of vegetal blastomeres, which is parallel to the closely related group, e.g., gar (Lepisosteidae), that evolved at approximately 57 mya. Lastly, we continued the observation of sturgeon gut development and its comparison with other taxa including holoblastic (X. laevis, bichir, and mice) and meroblastic (chicks, gars, and zebrafish) representatives. For this purpose, we used histology, in-situ hybridization (HCR), and Immunohistochemistry. We found that sturgeon's endodermal cells formed the Archenteron (primitive gut) as frog and bichir. However, these cells continued to proliferate lateroventrally to encompass a massive amount of yolk mass to give rise "yolk inside the gut." Cross-species comparison revealed that sturgeon retained a unique mode of gut developmental pattern during vertebrate evolution. In conclusion, our current findings suggest that sturgeon embryo development represents a distinct transition from holoblastic to meroblastic cleavage, as well as a distinct archaic mode of gut-endoderm development

The Levels of Examination’s Phobia in English Subject: Students’ Perceptions in the Secondary Schools of Pakistan

Pakistan being a multilingual country, the people speak different languages in different regions. The people feel comfortable to communicate and interact in their mother tongues. Mostly, the students feel uncomfortable when they turn to English. They have developed a kind of feeling that English is difficult. Consequently, most of the students score either too low or get failed in the English Subject.  In view of the above, the current study investigates examination phobia caused by English subject and its dimensions such as “Worry” and “Lack of Confidence” in the government Secondary Schools in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Data was collected from 384 secondary school students in district Mardan, which was then analyzed with the help of descriptive statistics (i.e., frequency and percentage distribution) and Spearman rho correlation/SEM/AMOS (Structural Equation Modeling) techniques. It was revealed that the level of the variable “Examination Phobia” is high in English subject. Furthermore, the levels of the dimensions such as; “worry” and “lack of confidence” were also found as high. The analysis suggests that, the rate of the students’ dropout and suicide intention in the context can be reduced to zero, if the level of examination phobia due to English subject is reduced. Further, the government, the schools, and the parents should play their active role in reducing the level of examination phobia in reference with English in the secondary schools

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties of Drinking Water in District Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The issue of water quality is becoming ever more serious as freshwater resources are severely degraded across the world. Water quality in rivers, streams, lakes, and subterranean aquifers is deteriorating, posing a threat to human life and ecological sustainability. A proper study of the physico-chemical properties of the water samples give us insight into the quality of life in a specific region, as poor water quality not only affects the aquatic life but the surrounding ecosystem as well. In the present study, 30 different water samples were collected from different regions of district Mardan and they were analyzed for their physico-chemical properties such as pH, total suspended solids, conductivity, total dissolved solids, nitrates concentration, sulphates concentration, chlorides concentration, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results of the analysis show that most of the parameters have significantly higher values than the WHO permissible limits. From the analysis of water samples, the researchers have been able to designate the study area with poor water quality and to propose future advice for sustaining the water quality in the region

A Sociolinguistic Investigation of the Code Switching Practices of Students Outside Classroom in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Code switching is a common phenomenon, generally observed in multilingual communities across the globe. A critical look at codes witching  literature reveals that mostly code switching has been studied in classroom in learning and teaching context  while code switching outside classroom in settings such as café, hostel and so on  have been the least explored areas. In view of the above the current research investigated the reasons for code switching in the interactive practices of students and their perceptions regarding the same in outside classroom settings. Data were collected by means of audio recording 90 minutes student’s interactions in café and hostel and serving an open-ended questionnaire to the participants. The findings showed that the student’s code switched on account of socio-cultural, socio-psychological and communicative reasons. The study is important in the sense that it will further students understanding about CS in outside classroom settings

Interplay of Two Socio-Political Movements: Khudai Khidmatgar Movement and Independence Movement

Khudai Khidmatgar Movement was an important historical movement which mobilized the polity in a bottom-up direction to awaken the people living in the then North Western Province and today's province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was a transformational and charismatic leader. He educated common people about non-violence as a tool for organization and accomplishment of designed objectives. The essence of whole movement was rooted in the religion Islam which is interesting against the background of inspiration drawn by Pushtuns nationalists for the legitimacy of their narratives. This work throws new light on historical legacy of Khudai Khidmatgar Movement led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan from a leadership perspective through historical comparative method. A new insight will be made to dig out various methods adopted by the leadership of the movement to gain the legitimacy of the movement and which had roots in religious text

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNEMPLOYMENT, POVERTY AND CRIME: AN EMPIRICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF PESHAWAR, KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWA: Dr. Anwar Ul Mujahid Shah, Mr. Nauman Reayat, Syed Arshad Ali Shah

The current research studies the impact of crime on unemployment and poverty in Peshawar. The survey was carried out in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and a crosssectional method was used, and a total of 190 respondents were interviewed through an organized questioner. The main dependent variable was crime while the independent variable education, unemployment, and poverty. Structural equation modeling was employed, and as a tool, Smart Pls and SPSS were employed for analysis. Results show that unemployment and poverty had a positive impact on crime. The study followed a descriptive method rationally using a survey questionnaire for data collection. In total, a sample number of 116 responses is valid applied led to a conclusion. These individuals are easily tempted into criminal activities largely due to their low-slung socio-economic background. Furthermore, the study recommended a holistic adult empowerment programs be supported by government stakeholders as well as non-government to alleviate unemployment and poverty. Resultantly, boost up the adolescent concentration, directing towards better and rewarding activities; more strategically smart yout