Agreeableness, antagonism, and mental health across cultures

This chapter reviews evidence about Agreeableness and antagonism and their association with mental health across cultures. Agreeableness is a personality dimension defined in a Western context, but which corresponds to a reasonable degree with indigenous dimensions found in other cultural settings. Studies translating Western measures into other languages have found similar factor structures, but not evidence for scalar measurement invariance, which would allow for reliable comparison of scores across cultural and linguistic settings. Interestingly, however, lower average scores for men versus women appear to be more pronounced in industrialized nations with greater gender equity. Agreeableness appears to increase with age across cultures, in particular around the time of taking on adult financial responsibilities. The symptoms and disorders associated with antagonism, including conduct disorder, aggression, psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, substance use disorders, and borderline personality disorder, generally appear to be globally comprehensible and diagnosable. However, specific symptom patterns can vary considerably, and rates of aggressive behavior and related symptoms appear to be more common in individualistic, industrialized cultures

Multimetallic complexes and functionalized gold nanoparticles based on a combination of d- and f-elements

The new DO3A-derived dithiocarbamate ligand, DO3A-tBu-CS2K, is formed by treatment of the ammonium salt [DO3A-tBu]HBr with K2CO3 and carbon disulfide. DO3A-tBu-CS2K reacts with the ruthenium complexes cis-[RuCl2(dppm)2] and [Ru(CH═CHC6H4Me-4)Cl(CO)(BTD)(PPh3)2] (BTD = 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) to yield [Ru(S2C-DO3A-tBu)(dppm)2]+ and [Ru(CH═CHC6H4Me-4)(S2C-DO3A-tBu)(CO)(PPh3)2], respectively. Similarly, the group 10 metal complexes [Pd(C,N-C6H4CH2NMe2)Cl]2 and [PtCl2(PPh3)2] form the dithiocarbamate compounds, [Pd(C,N-C6H4CH2NMe2)(S2C-DO3A-tBu)] and [Pt(S2C-DO3A-tBu)(PPh3)2]+, under the same conditions. The linear gold complexes [Au(S2C-DO3A-tBu)(PR3)] are formed by reaction of [AuCl(PR3)] (R = Ph, Cy) with DO3A-tBu-CS2K. However, on reaction with [AuCl(tht)] (tht = tetrahydrothiophene), the homoleptic digold complex [Au(S2C-DO3A-tBu)]2 is formed. Further homoleptic examples, [M(S2C-DO3A-tBu)2] (M = Ni, Cu) and [Co(S2C-DO3A-tBu)3], are formed from treatment of NiCl2·6H2O, Cu(OAc)2, or Co(OAc)2, respectively, with DO3A-tBu-CS2K. The molecular structure of [Ni(S2C-DO3A-tBu)2] was determined crystallographically. The tert-butyl ester protecting groups of [M(S2C-DO3A-tBu)2] (M = Ni, Cu) and [Co(S2C-DO3A-tBu)3] are cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid to afford the carboxylic acid products, [M(S2C-DO3A)2] (M = Ni, Cu) and [Co(S2C-DO3A)3]. Complexation with Gd(III) salts yields trimetallic [M(S2C-DO3A-Gd)2] (M = Ni, Cu) and tetrametallic [Co(S2C-DO3A-Gd)3], with r1 values of 11.5 (Co) and 11.0 (Cu) mM–1 s–1 per Gd center. DO3A-tBu-CS2K can also be used to prepare gold nanoparticles, Au@S2C-DO3A-tBu, by displacement of the surface units from citrate-stabilized nanoparticles. This material can be transformed into the carboxylic acid derivative Au@S2C-DO3A by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Complexation with Gd(OTf)3 or GdCl3 affords Au@S2C-DO3A-Gd with an r1 value of 4.7 mM–1 s–1 per chelate and 1500 mM–1 s–1 per object