Cross correlations in mesoscopic charge detection

We study a tunnel contact that acts as charge detector for a single-electron transistor (SET) focusing on correlations between the detector current and the current through the SET. This system can be described fully by a Markovian master equation for the SET, while electron tunneling in the charge monitor represents a process with a stochastic rate, which can be solved exactly. It turns out that current monitoring is possible as long as the detector current correlates with the currents through either SET barrier. By contrast, correlations with the effective current according to the Ramo-Shockley theorem are not essential. Moreover, we propose the measurement of the SET barrier capacitances.Comment: 7 pages, 2 figure

Trade-Marks, Monopoly, and the Restraint of Competition

Studien handlar om identitet och tillhörighet. Dess syfte är att studera hur personer som migrerat i unga år och som har bott i det ´nya´ landet i flera årtionden identifierar sig, var de känner sig vara tillhöriga och vilka slags band de utvecklar genom åren dels till den gamla hemorten och dels till den nya hemorten. I fokus för studien finns personer som var unga då de på 1950-, 1960 och 1970-talen flyttade från Finland till Sverige. De är från Haapajärvi i Österbotten. De är sedan länge bosatta i Eskilstuna. Studien är baserad på både intervjuer och deltagande observationer. Informanterna identifierar sig än idag efter den gamla hemorten. Studien visar hur de fortsätter att upprätthålla sociala relationer där. Med tiden har dock dessa tunnats ut. Den gamla hemorten har delvis förlorat i betydelse. Mycket känns bekant på den. Men mycket är också förändrat vilket inger informanterna känslan av att åtminstone till viss del vara utanför och annorlunda i relation till människor som bor kvar. Av studien framgår hur Eskiltuna har blivit en hemort för informanterna. Det vore dock fel att säga att de har bytt hemort under sitt livslopp. Snarare har de skapat en hemort till, utöver den gamla. Med tiden har det utvecklats långvariga relationer till Eskilstuna. Det är där de känner sig tillhöriga och har sitt hem. Den nya hemorten har liksom den gamla blivit förknippad med minnen och känslor. Informanterna identifierar sig som eskilstunabor. I skildringar av Eskilstuna finns inte känslor av att vara utanför eller känna sig annorlunda i relation till människorna där. Studien visar att informanterna var delar av en kedjemigration. Närverket av släktingar och tidigare grannar var verksamt i Sverige då man år 1970 beslutade bilda en egen hemortsförening, vars syfte är att värna om kultur och traditioner från den gamla hemorten, upprätthålla kontakter med den och skapa en mötesplats för människor med anknytning till den gamla hemorten.This study is concerned with identity and belonging. The overall aim of the study is to look at how people that migrated when they were young, and who have lived in their "new" country for several decades, identify themselves, where they feel they belong and what kinds of ties they have developed over the years to both the old home district and to the new. The study focuses on people that were young when they moved from Finland to Sweden during 1950s, 60s and 70s. They come originally from Haapajärvi in Österbotten (Northern Ostrobothnia) and have lived in Eskilstuna for many years. The study is based on a combination of interviews and participant observations. The study shows how individuals continue to maintain social relationships in their former place of abode; relationships that have nevertheless dissipated with time. The interviewees still identify with their former home district, even though this has diminished in significance and there are no longer as many important relationships as before. There is still a lot that feels familiar. But much has changed, too, which to a certain extent leads to feelings of being an outsider and being therefore different to people that still live there. The study shows that Eskilstuna has become a home district for the interviewees. It would be misleading to say that they have just changed home district during their lifetime, however. They have rather created another home district while retaining the old one. With time they have developed sustained relationships with Eskilstuna. They feel that they belong here and that it is here they have their home. Like their old community, the new is associated with memories and feelings. The interviewees clearly identify themselves as inhabitants of Eskilstuna. Their portrayals of Eskilstuna don't include feelings of being outsiders or different in any way to other people there. The study also illustrates that the interviewees were part of a chain-migration. Staying in touch with relatives and former neighbours was important in Sweden during the 1970s when the decision was taken to create a local heritage association designed to safeguard the culture and traditions of the old home base, maintain contact with it and create a meeting place for people that were from Haapajärvi