Dopady lidské činnosti na ekosystémy: přivlastňování primární produkce a biodiverzita v České republice.

The aim of this thesis is to explore relationship between selected indicators of human pressures and biological diversity in the Czech Republic. I assessed human impacts on ecosystems by calculating the fraction of aboveground net primary production appropriated by humans (aHANPP) in a cultural landscape of the Czech Republic. The human appropriation of aboveground net primary production reached 21.5 Tg C in aggregate or 56% of the potential natural productivity in 2006. I found the aHANPP to be a suitable indicator of human impacts on ecosystems as it detect trends and enables spatial mapping of human impacts. Furthermore, I tested hypothesis about a positive spatial relationship between human pressure indicators and biodiversity at species and ecosystem/landscape levels. I found a positive spatial coincidence (rs=0.361) of people (measured by human population density and extent of urban areas) and species richness (measured by richness of 10 taxonomic groups of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants). Although aHANPP was not related to species richness, diversity at the landscape level (measured by Shannon landscape diversity index) was significantly negatively related to the intensity of land and ecosystem use (indicated by aHANPP). The hump-shaped relationship is reflecting an intermediate disturbance...Tato analýza měla za cíl ustavit a odhadnout prostorovou asociaci (vzájemnou souvislost) mezi hustotou lidské populace (HPD) jakožto zástupné míry zátěže prostředí, přivlastňováním primární produkce (aHANPP) jakožto zástupné míry změn využití území a ekosystémů, a biodiverzitou vyjádřenou jako druhovou bohatostí a krajinnou diverzitou. Výsledky analýzy naznačují, že strategie ochrany a péče o biodiverzitu by se měly zaměřovat nejenom na tradičně chráněná území, ale rovněž na 13 urbanizovaná území a krajiny a ekosystémy nových typů, které mohou obsahovat značný podíl druhové bohatosti. Ve své práci jsem zjistil, že přivlastňování nadzemní primární produkce (aHANPP) dosahuje 56 % potenciální primární produkce na území České republiky. Nadzemní HANPP pozůstává ze změn aNPP způsobených přeměnou území (ΔaNPPLC), které se podílí 11 % aNPP0, a socioekonomického výtěžku, který tvoří 45 % aNPP0. Lidé vytěžili z ekosystémů 16,9 Tg C ročně v roce 2000 a toto množství pokleslo z 18,5 Tg C vytěžených v roce 1990 a znovu mírně vzrostlo na 17,3 Tg C v roce 2006. Změny čisté primární produkce vyvolané lidskou činností mohou být považovány za robustní ukazatel lidské stopy zanechané v ekosystémech (Haberl et al., 2004). Nadzemní primární produkce byla vybrána jak společná jednotka pro srovnávání vlivu člověka na území ve...Institute for Environmental StudiesÚstav pro životní prostředíFaculty of SciencePřírodovědecká fakult

Methodological aspects of ecosystem service valuation at the national level

Ecosystem service valuations focusing on the assessment of ecosystem service values in space and time have recently been receiving considerable attention. Ecosystem service valuation data are critical for developing national ecosystem accounts and for assessment of costs and benefits associated with national strategies and plans. In this article, we discuss selected methodological aspects of ecosystem service valuation at the national level for the Czech Republic. We present a classification of ecosystems based on CORINE Land Cover and Consolidated Layer of Ecosystems of the Czech Republic. The focal point of our article is a systematic review of ecosystem service values. A systematic review requires a standardised protocol for incorporation of valuation studies. To illustrate the proposed methodology, we conducted a search of ecosystem service valuation studies at the European level. While there is a significant number of ecosystem service valuation studies, the number of studies which could be used for an effective value transfer is limited. We discuss the limitations of the value transfer approach and suggest further steps for improving the scientific basis for national level valuations

Anthropogenic natal environmental effects on life histories in a wild bird population

Recent work suggests that the environment experienced in early life can alter life histories in wild populations [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5], but our understanding of the processes involved remains limited [6 and 7]. Since anthropogenic environmental change is currently having a major impact on wild populations [8], this raises the possibility that life histories may be influenced by human activities that alter environmental conditions in early life. Whether this is the case and the processes involved remain unexplored in wild populations. Using 23 years of longitudinal data on the Mauritius kestrel (Falco punctatus), a tropical forest specialist, we found that females born in territories affected by anthropogenic habitat change shifted investment in reproduction to earlier in life at the expense of late life performance. They also had lower survival rates as young adults. This shift in life history strategy appears to be adaptive, because fitness was comparable to that of other females experiencing less anthropogenic modification in their natal environment. Our results suggest that human activities can leave a legacy on wild birds through natal environmental effects. Whether these legacies have a detrimental effect on populations will depend on life history responses and the extent to which these reduce individual fitness

Translating land cover/land use classifications to habitat taxonomies for landscape monitoring: A Mediterranean assessment

Periodic monitoring of biodiversity changes at a landscape scale constitutes a key issue for conservation managers. Earth observation (EO) data offer a potential solution, through direct or indirect mapping of species or habitats. Most national and international programs rely on the use of land cover (LC) and/or land use (LU) classification systems. Yet, these are not as clearly relatable to biodiversity in comparison to habitat classifications, and provide less scope for monitoring. While a conversion from LC/LU classification to habitat classification can be of great utility, differences in definitions and criteria have so far limited the establishment of a unified approach for such translation between these two classification systems. Focusing on five Mediterranean NATURA 2000 sites, this paper considers the scope for three of the most commonly used global LC/LU taxonomies—CORINE Land Cover, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) land cover classification system (LCCS) and the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme to be translated to habitat taxonomies. Through both quantitative and expert knowledge based qualitative analysis of selected taxonomies, FAO-LCCS turns out to be the best candidate to cope with the complexity of habitat description and provides a framework for EO and in situ data integration for habitat mapping, reducing uncertainties and class overlaps and bridging the gap between LC/LU and habitats domains for landscape monitoring—a major issue for conservation. This study also highlights the need to modify the FAO-LCCS hierarchical class description process to permit the addition of attributes based on class-specific expert knowledge to select multi-temporal (seasonal) EO data and improve classification. An application of LC/LU to habitat mapping is provided for a coastal Natura 2000 site with high classification accuracy as a result

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk).We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

Risky behaviour of high school juveniles

The thesis is concerned with the high-risk behaviour of high-school youngsters. The theoretical part is concerned with the upbringing in a family from puberty to adolescence, what factors and environment affect the undesirable behaviour of individuals. What the job with high-risk youngsters is like, what the causes of juvenile crime are. Selected analysis and prevention of social pathological manifestations of youngsters. How the school atmosphere affects the behaviour of students, why childern hang around and don´t go to school. Factors and classroom, how they affect the results of a student. What dangerous situations students are dealing with

Jednota svatého dětství Pána Ježíše a dítky pohanské

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