To deceive or not to deceive! Legal implications of phishing covert research

Whilst studying mobile users' susceptibility to phishing attacks, we found ourselves subject to regulations concerning the use of deception in research. We argue that such regulations are misapplied in a way that hinders the progress of security research. Our argument analyses the existing framework and the ethical principles of conducting phishing research in light of these regulations. Building on this analysis and reflecting on real world experience; we present our view of good practice and suggest guidance on how to prepare legally compliant proposals to concerned ethics committee

Fermion Mass Generation in the D-dimensional Thirring Model as a Gauge Theory

Based on the Schwinger-Dyson (SD) equation, the fermion mass generation is further studied in the D(2<D<4)-dimensional Thirring model as a gauge theory previously proposed. By using a certain approximation to the kernel, we analytically obtained explicit form of the dynamical mass of fermion and the critical line in (N,1/g) space, where N is the number of fermions and g is the dimensionless vector-type four-fermion coupling constant. This analytical result is confirmed by the numerical solution for the SD equation with exact form of the kernel in (2+1) dimensions.Comment: 21 pages, 2 Postscript figures, LaTe

The Onsager--Machlup functional for data assimilation

When taking the model error into account in data assimilation, one needs to evaluate the prior distribution represented by the Onsager--Machlup functional. Through numerical experiments, this study clarifies how the prior distribution should be incorporated into cost functions for discrete-time estimation problems. Consistent with previous theoretical studies, the divergence of the drift term is essential in weak-constraint 4D-Var (w4D-Var), but it is not nec essary in Markov chain Monte Carlo with the Euler scheme. Although the former property may cause difficulties when implementing w4D-Var in large systems, this paper proposes a new technique for estimating the divergence term and its derivative.Comment: Reprint from Nonlin. Processes Geophys. (ver.5). 12 pages, 5 figure

Properties of Three-Body Decay Functions Derived with Time-Like Jet Calculus beyond Leading Order

Three-body decay functions in time-like parton branching are calculated using the jet calculus to the next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) order in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The phase space contributions from each of the ladder diagrams and interference diagrams are presented. We correct part of the results for the three-body decay functions calculated previously by two groups. Employing our new results, the properties of the three-body decay functions in the regions of soft partons are examined numerically. Furthermore, we examine the contribution of the three-body decay functions modified by the restriction resulting from the kinematical boundary of the phase space for two-body decay in the parton shower model. This restriction leads to some problems for the parton shower model. For this reason, we propose a new restriction introduced by the kinematical boundary of the phase space for two-body decay.Comment: 33 pages, PTPTeX.sty, 16 Postscript eps figures; To be published in Progress of Theoretical Physic

Can Hawaiian carnivorous caterpillars attack invasive ants or vice versa?

The Hawaiian Islands have allowed insects to evolve unique habits, because the islands are isolated and originally lacked predators, such as ants and wasps. Ambush carnivorous caterpillars (_Eupithecia_ spp.; Lepidoptera: Geometridae) provide a remarkable example of a feeding behaviour unique to the Hawaiian Islands. Their prey includes various arthropods species. _Eupithecia_ larvae even attack predatory arthropods such as parasitoids. However, it is unclear whether _Eupithecia_ can attack ants. Here, I examined whether _Eupithecia orichloris_ can attack the invasive ant _Pheidole megacephala_ under laboratory conditions. _Eupithecia orichloris_ could successfully attack the minor worker of _P. megacephala_. However, the major worker of _P. megacephala_ counterattacked.&#xd;&#xa

A Note on Harmonic Analysis of Geophysical Data with Special Reference to the Analysis of Geomagnetic Storms

Some geophysical characteristics tend to have a fixed distribution relative to the sun. An example is the distribution of air temperature on an ideal earth that is perfectly symmetrical (e.g., in its pattern of land and water) about its axis of rotation. In such a case the geophysical characteristic at any fixed station on the earth undergoes a daily variation that depends only on local time (and latitude and season). This simple pattern of daily change may be modified by intrinsic changes in the solar influences on the earth. The harmonic components of the daily variation at any station may in this case undergo phase changes, in some respects corresponding to Doppler shifts of frequency in optical or sonic phenomena. Care is then needed if the results of harmonic analysis are to be properly interpreted. Such interpretation is discussed with reference to the parts Dst and DS of the magnetic storm variations. Like caution must be observed in cases where the amplitude of a harmonic variation changes,with fixed phase.Scientific Report No. 1 -- Contract No. AF 19(6o4)-2l63 April 18, I960 -- Geophysics Research Directorate Air Force Cambridge Research Center Air Research and Development Command United States Air Force Bedford, MassachusettsYe

Some Notes on the Interpretation of Rapid Fluctuations in Earth-Currents Observed in High Latitudes

[PREFACE] This report was prepared as a part of the Interdisciplinary study of the upper atmospheric disturbance in the polar regions that is conducted at the Geophysical Institute under Dr, C. T. Elvey, Director of the Institute. The report is primarily intended for the student of geophysics who is interested in this subject. A part of the mathematical procedure that was previously given by Prof. A. T. Price (reference 9 in end of paper) is included in Sections 4 to 6 with some modifications so as to enable the student to follow, without referring to Prof. Price’s paper, the derivation of the formulae which are used in the present discussion* and to apply the method to similar problems. November 15, 1958 M. S.This paper shows that a periodically varying infinite linear current, or a periodically varying turbulent circular current of small radius (here approximated by a magnetic dipole with a changing dipole moment), in the ionosphere, which will give rise to magnetic variations of observed order of magnitude, is adequate for producing voltage differences in the ground of order 0 .1 to 1 volt per kilometer that are frequently observed in high latitudes during disturbed periods. It appears difficult to interpret the earth-current record in terms of its primary origin, unless the distribution of the perturbing magnetic field and that of electric conductivity of the earth are both adequately known. However, the earth-current record is a good indicator of the upper atmospheric disturbance in the polar regions.Ye