Identification of haplotypes associated with resistance to Fusarium graminearum in spring oat (Avena sativa L.)

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Roads as part of the Norwegian cadastral system

The aim of this project is to describe how urban streets and rural roads were handled as public property outside the ordinary value-based property system before 1980 and the effects of this practice, and in this way ease the use of existing documentation in improving the information found in the current cadastral system. The Norwegian cadastral system was changed in 1980, when the earlier value-based system was replaced by a map-based system. Public roads had been kept out of the land registers to ensure that they were not included in registers used for taxing purposes. This became a problem when the map-based system were to be established, as it was done by using information from the land registers. Several new statutory provisions were passed in 1981 to enable the road registration, but mapping the boundaries was not mandatory, and road boundary information in the cadastre is still deficient. The cities had their own legal systems, thus the cadastral problems in urban areas differ from those in rural areals. City streets are therefore described in part II, roads in part III. Cadastral information is often used by people who does not know that the information can be misleading. This results in problems ranging from incorrect information in sales descriptions to disputes between road authorities and property owners about the right to use or maintain roads and roadside areas seemingly owned by the private part. Better information will reduce such problems, but the statutes that are put to use when allowing cadastral changes often calls for documentation that were not produced in the road administration system when obtaining ground and securing boundary information. This system was quite complex, and there is usually no single document showing that the road administration has acquired the ground used, or that the landowners have accepted the boundaries separating their property from the the road ground. Better knowledge of the information that actually exists and how it can be used will reduce this problem, but the complexity and long historical lines that shaped the system necessitates a thorough description of both historical context and some central elements, especially connected to different views on property and ownership and the terms related to this subject.I avhandlingen behandles først eldre lovverk og praksis knyttet til gater (del II) og veger (del III) som offentlig eid og forvaltet grunn, før de historiske forholdene settes i sammenheng med utviklingen av dagens lovverk og eiendomsregistre i del IV, og da med hovedvekt på å belyse problemer som kan spores tilbake til at veg- og gategrunn i liten grad ble registrert i eiendomsregistrene Norge hadde før 1980. I siste kapittel oppsummeres problemene, og det foreslås tiltak som kan bidra til å forbedre dagens situasjon. Frem til 1980 var det norske eiendomsregisteret for landområdene et verdibasert eiendomsregister - et system uten eiendomskart. Grunnbøkene var det sentrale elementet, men veggrunn ble ikke registrert i grunnbøkene fordi den verken hadde økonomisk verdi eller skulle skattlegges. Da det nye kartbaserte eiendomssystemet skulle etableres etter 1980 ble fraværet av grunnboksinformasjon et problem, og det måtte vedtas egne lovbestemmelser før veggrunnen kunne tildeles registernummer. Det ble imidlertid ikke stilt krav om at grensene skulle registreres når vegene ble lagt inn i kartet, og dagens matrikkelkart mangler fortsatt mye veginformasjon, særlig korrekt informasjon om grensene. Samferdselarealer i byene ble behandlet og avstått med grunnlag i et annet lovverk enn veggrunn på landet, og det har ført til at problemene knyttet til bygater er av en annen karakter enn dem som er aktuelle for landevegenes del. Dette er grunnen til at bygatene behandles i en egen del. Matrikkelen brukes av mange som ikke er klar over at systemet ikke har rettslig troverdighet. Følgene kan blant annet bli feil arealinformasjon i salgsoppgaver og konflikter mellom vegmyndighetene og private grunneiere om retten til veggrunn og sidearealer som tilsynelatende er en del av den privateide enheten. Kvalitetsheving av matrikkelinformasjonen vil redusere slike problemer, men slik dagens lovverk er utformet kan det være vanskelig å få matrikkelført både gamle og nye veggrenser. Det kan i noen tilfeller bli stilt krav om at det legges fram dokumentasjon som aldri var en del av vegmyndighetenes grunnervervs- og grenseregistreringssystemer. Det finnes sjelden ett enkelt dokument som viser at veggrunnen er ervervet eller at de private partene er enige med vegmyndigheten om hvor eiendomsgrensene går, og er derfor behov for mer kunnskap om hva som finnes og hvordan det kan brukes.Norges forskningsråd ; Statens vegvesenpublishedVersio

Gradually decreasing daylength after smoltification induced by “winter signal“ reduced sexual maturation in male Atlantic salmon

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Genesis of the Wutuogou Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt, NW China: Constraints from calcite U-Pb geochronology, mineral chemistry, and in-situ sulfur isotopes

The Wutuogou Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, a newly discovered vein-type deposit, is located in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB), northwestern China. The vein-type Ag-Pb-Zn ore bodies are hosted in Middle Triassic granodiorite and monzogranite and are characterized by high-grade Ag, Pb, and Zn (average Ag: 293 g/t, Pb: 3.00 %, Zn: 2.85 %). Three paragenetic stages have been recognized: quartz + pyrite (Py-1) + arsenopyrite (stage I), pyrite (Py-2) + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite + quartz (substage II-1), galena + pyrargyrite + freibergite + freieslebenite + quartz + calcite (substage II-2), and quartz + calcite (stage III). Except for Ag-bearing minerals (pyrargyrite, freibergite, and freieslebenite), invisible silver is also present in pyrite (1.91–165 ppm), sphalerite (3.86–8806 ppm), and galena (up to 0.21 wt%). The calcite is closely associated with sulfides in substage II-2 and yields a U-Pb age of 210 ± 7 Ma (MSWD = 2.7), which represents the ore-forming age (lower limit). Py-1 displays higher As contents and lower Co contents than those of Py-2, indicating a decrease in temperature from stage I to stage II. In addition, the Fe/Zn mass ratios (0.025–0.075) of sphalerite estimate the fluid temperature for substage II-1 of 246–284 ◦C, whereas the Ag/(Ag + Cu) and Zn/(Zn + Fe) mole ratios of freibergite estimate the fluid temperature for substage II-2 of 140–270 ◦C, further indicating the decrease of temperature from stage I through substage II-1 to substage II-2. Mineral assemblages of pyrite-chalcopyrite-tetrahedrite in substage II-1 and Ag-sulfosalts in substage II-2 suggest a decrease in sulfur fugacity (fS2). Both the decrease in fS2 and cooling of the mineralizing fluids facilitate silver precipitation. The heterogeneous compositions of the freibergite and the Ag zonation in sphalerite (Sp-1) resulted from retrograde solid-state reactions that redistributed Ag through microscale exsolution. The δ34S values (+5.49 to +7.78 ‰) of the sulfides and the low Zn/Cd ratios (107–195) of sphalerite indicate a felsic magma source for the ore-forming materials. Therefore, we concluded that the Wutuogou Ag-Pb-Zn deposit corresponds to a medium- to low-temperature magmatic-hydrothermal deposit associated with Late Triassic magmatism in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt (EKOB)Genesis of the Wutuogou Ag-Pb-Zn deposit in the Eastern Kunlun Orogenic Belt, NW China: Constraints from calcite U-Pb geochronology, mineral chemistry, and in-situ sulfur isotopespublishedVersio

Data-Driven Modeling of Frequency Dynamics Observed in Operating Microgrids: A South African University Campus Case Study

South Africa has been experiencing an energy crisis since 2007. Utility loadshedding became the main control for under-frequency events due to a mismatch in generation and consumption. Rolling blackouts are further supported by failing electrical infrastructure and illegal (non-metered) connections to the distribution network. A common remedy to mandatory South African loadshedding, from the perspective of university campuses, is to deploy hybrid photovoltaic-diesel (PV-diesel) microgrids that allow for an uninterrupted power supply for a few hours. Campus microgrids are typically smaller compared to national utilities (less inertia) and require sensitive control schemes to remain stable. In this paper, frequency recordings associated with the operating microgrid of the University of the Free State QwaQwa campus are analysed. A simplistic stochastic mathematical model is presented as a model describing the observed frequency dynamics, describing the transition between the utility grid and the microgrid state, the microgrid frequency controller response, and the influence of the PV generators. Moreover, inter-campus synchronous frequency measurements are showcased and the future implications thereof are discussed. The main contributions of this paper focus on the recording and modelling of the frequency dynamics of fully functioning campus microgrids, and the showcasing of continuous synchronous measurements of frequency at two different campuses.Data-Driven Modeling of Frequency Dynamics Observed in Operating Microgrids: A South African University Campus Case StudypublishedVersio

Genome-assisted prediction of amoebic gill disease resistance in different populations of Atlantic salmon during field outbreak

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Lessons learned and lingering uncertainties after seven years of chronic wasting disease management in Norway

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is well known among cervids in North America. Nevertheless, management faced different types and degrees of uncertainty when CWD was first detected in reindeer Rangifer tarandus in Nordfjella, Norway in 2016. We present a timeline of the efforts to control CWD, and identify how the process, measurement, environmental, and implementation uncertainties developed from the onset (2016) to the current situation (2023) after seven years of CWD management. In the ‘acute’ phase (2016–2019), political ambitions were high and depopulation of the Nordfjella reindeer area involving marksmen aimed at eradicating CWD. Subsequently, increased surveillance and increased male harvest was used to enable early detection or to achieve ‘freedom-from-CWD’ status of the adjacent populations. The second phase (2020-now) came when cases were detected in the large reindeer population in Hardangervidda. Management authorities postponed culling using marksmen, signifying an important change, with more emphasis on socio-political acceptance and consideration of the negative long-term consequences of conflicts with local stakeholders. The subsequent dialogue processes between scientists and local management ended in joint advice. However, the Ministry set aside all advice in 2022, halting further actions, after pressure and negative media attention. During this period, there was no clear research plan to increase knowledge of CWD to reduce process uncertainty; however, large surveillance investments were made to reduce measurement uncertainty. Despite this, detecting and estimating CWD among reindeer at low prevalence remains a key challenge. Governance challenges have emerged as significant implementation uncertainties, partly due to the uncertain occurrence of CWD. management uncertainty, prion diseases, prion protein gene (PRNP), prion strains, reindeerpublishedVersio

Al Andalus: Claris Decum Orbis

I året 995 skrev benediktiner-nonnen Roswitha av Gandersheim en pasjonshistorie om martyren Pelagius. En del av handlingen utspiller seg i Cordoba. Selv om hun i sitt liv aldri kunne besøke byen hun skrev om, så var beundringen for Cordoba så stor, at hun valgte hun å beskrive Cordoba med ordene ”Clarum Decus Orbis”, eller ”verdens ornament”. Denne unike rollen hadde kultur og kunst i Andalus fått gjennom sammensmelting av romersk, arabisk og europeisk kulturtradisjon, som befruktet hverandre gjennom flere århundre naboskap av muslimer, jøder og kristne. I mars 2023 fikk studenter fra kurset ”Bygningshistorie” ved NMBU på Ås anledning til å besøke Cordoba og Granada for å få et inntrykk av denne spennende epoken og la seg inspirere av den multikulturelle kulturen i dette unike europeiske landskapet.publishedVersio

Dietary intake of micronized avian eggshell membrane in aged mice reduces circulating inflammatory markers, increases microbiota diversity, and attenuates skeletal muscle aging

Introduction: Avian eggshell membrane (ESM) is a complex extracellular matrix comprising collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid. We have previously demonstrated that ESM possesses anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and regulates wound healing processes in vivo. The present study aimed to investigate if oral intake of micronized ESM could attenuate skeletal muscle aging associated with beneficial alterations in gut microbiota profile and reduced inflammation. Methods: Elderly male C57BL/6 mice were fed an AIN93G diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, 1, or 8% ESM. Young mice were used as reference. The digestibility of ESM was investigated using the static in vitro digestion model INFOGEST for older people and adults, and the gut microbiota profile was analyzed in mice. In addition, we performed a small-scale pre-clinical human study with healthy home-dwelling elderly (>70 years) who received capsules with a placebo or 500 mg ESM every day for 4 weeks and studied the effect on circulating inflammatory markers. Results and discussion: Intake of ESM in elderly mice impacted and attenuated several well-known hallmarks of aging, such as a reduction in the number of skeletal muscle fibers, the appearance of centronucleated fibers, a decrease in type IIa/IIx fiber type proportion, reduced gene expression of satellite cell markers Sdc3 and Pax7 and increased gene expression of the muscle atrophy marker Fbxo32. Similarly, a transition toward the phenotypic characteristics of young mice was observed for several proteins involved in cellular processes and metabolism. The digestibility of ESM was poor, especially for the elderly condition. Furthermore, our experiments showed that mice fed with 8% ESM had increased gut microbiota diversity and altered microbiota composition compared with the other groups. ESM in the diet also lowered the expression of the inflammation marker TNFA in mice and in vitro in THP-1 macrophages. In the human study, intake of ESM capsules significantly reduced the inflammatory marker CRP. Altogether, our results suggest that ESM, a natural extracellular biomaterial, may be attractive as a nutraceutical candidate with a possible effect on skeletal muscle aging possibly through its immunomodulating effect or gut microbiota.publishedVersio

Smoltification, seawater performance, and maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed different fat levels

The use of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) to produce Atlantic salmon smolts has resulted in exceptionally high fish growth rates. However, there are potential negative trade-offs between fast growth and key physiological processes, such as inadequate smoltification and early sexual maturation, which can both be linked to body energy reserves. This study determined the effect of i) dietary fat levels on Atlantic salmon whole-body fat and fatty acids composition, growth performance and smoltification and ii) a previous dietary regime on seawater growth performance and male early sexual maturation. In freshwater RAS, salmon parr (~19g) were fed 3 fat levels (20, 24, and 28%) over a 14-week period at 12℃. Subsequently, in seawater flow-through systems, smolt (~96g) were fed a control diet (26%) for 12 weeks at 2 temperatures (12 and 16℃). Dietary fat levels resulted in differences in k-factor, fish whole-body fat and fatty acids composition; the low fat diet resulted in fish with a 23% lower whole-body fat when compared to the other two dietary groups at the end of the freshwater phase. These differences in whole-body fat faded at the end of the seawater phase. During the freshwater phase, all three feeds resulted in a comparable growth performance and smoltification indicator values, including k-factor, gill Na+, K+-ATPase, blood serum chloride and smolt index score. In contrast, water temperature resulted in fish body weight differences, where groups reared at 16℃ were larger than those reared at 12℃. Nevertheless, both temperature regimes supported a similar thermal growth coefficient. Smolts grown at 16℃ showed a higher level of the sex steroids androstenedione compared to those at 12℃. However, 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone levels did not differ despite a trend for higher levels at 16℃. Furthermore, testis histology at the final sampling indicated that some individuals showed initial signs of maturation (stage 3). In conclusion, varying dietary fat levels (20 - 28%) during the freshwater phase did not influence smoltification or male early sexual maturation during the subsequent grow-out phase. However, a temperature increase from 12 to 16°C resulted in larger fish and appeared to stimulate early male maturation in some fish individuals.Smoltification, seawater performance, and maturation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed different fat levelspublishedVersio