A Review of Packed Bed Reactor and Gradient-less Recycle Reactor for Determination of Intrinsic Reaction Kinetics

Intrinsic reaction kinetics is an essential information in catalytic reaction engineering. This paper reviews the two laboratory reactors, i.e., the packed-bed reactor and gradient-less recycle reactor commonly employed for determining the intrinsic reaction kinetics of heterogeneous catalysts. Although both reactors have been well-known for kinetic studies for a long time, there are still efforts to address some essential issues and to further develop the reactors. For example, a new design of the gradient-less recycle reactor was developed to broaden the operating window for intrinsic kinetic studies at low pressure. Furthermore, the intrinsic kinetic modeling in the gradient-less recycle reactor and packed-bed reactor, including the effects of mass transfer and axial dispersion, was also investigated. This review article provides in detail the types of both reactors, the development of both packed-bed reactor and gradient-less recycle reactor, intrinsic kinetic modeling, and the methods for determining heat- and mass- transfer limitations. All of these point out the suitable methods for determining intrinsic kinetics and perspectives for future works

3-Dimensional Mapping and Radiofrequency Ablation of Atrial Flutter in a Patient with Interrupted Inferior Vena Cava

The presence of isolated interrupted inferior vena cava (IVC) is very rare. Though the occurrence of typical atrial flutter in this setting has recently been described, the use of 3-dimensional activation mapping to aid the management of such patients has not yet been described. We report the successful ablation of this arrhythmia in a 63-year-old woman using the superior route through the internal jugular vein with the help of a mapping system.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46349/1/10840_2005_Article_4512.pd

2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted as the document was compiled through December 2008. Repeated literature searches were performed by the guideline development staff and writing committee members as new issues were considered. New clinical trials published in peer-reviewed journals and articles through December 2011 were also reviewed and incorporated when relevant. Furthermore, because of the extended development time period for this guideline, peer review comments indicated that the sections focused on imaging technologies required additional updating, which occurred during 2011. Therefore, the evidence review for the imaging sections includes published literature through December 2011

Compact Heat Integrated Reactor System of Steam Reformer, Shift Reactor and Combustor for Hydrogen Production from Ethanol

A compact heat integrated reactor system (CHIRS) of a steam reformer, a water gas shift reactor, and a combustor were designed for stationary hydrogen production from ethanol. Different reactor integration concepts were firstly studied using Aspen Plus. The sequential steam reformer and shift reactor (SRSR) was considered as a conventional system. The efficiency of the SRSR could be improved by more than 12% by splitting water addition to the shift reactor (SRSR-WS). Two compact heat integrated reactor systems (CHIRS) were proposed and simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Although the overall efficiency of the CHIRS was quite a bit lower than the SRSR-WS, the compact systems were properly designed for portable use. CHIRS (I) design, combining the reactors in a radial direction, was large in reactor volume and provided poor temperature control. As a result, the ethanol steam reforming and water gas shift reactions were suppressed, leading to lower hydrogen selectivity. On the other hand, CHIRS (II) design, combining the process in a vertical direction, provided better temperature control. The reactions performed efficiently, resulting in higher hydrogen selectivity. Therefore, the high performance CHIRS (II) design is recommended as a suitable stationary system for hydrogen production from ethanol