Elimination of D-band in Raman spectra of double-wall carbon nanotubes by oxidation

In this Letter, we present an in situ Raman spectroscopy study of oxidation-induced changes in the structure and composition of double-wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs). Above 480 °C, the intensity of the D band decreases to less than 0.01% of the G band intensity, when measured using the 780 nm laser excitation. The D band was absent from the Raman spectra recorded with the 514.5 nm excitation. Thermogravimetric analysis and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy are used to explain the observed results. We conclude that oxidation provides a purification method for the DWCNT which leads to a sample containing tubes having nearly clean surfaces without disordered carbon

General combination rules for qualitative and quantitative beliefs

Martin and Osswald \cite{Martin07} have recently proposed many generalizations of combination rules on quantitative beliefs in order to manage the conflict and to consider the specificity of the responses of the experts. Since the experts express themselves usually in natural language with linguistic labels, Smarandache and Dezert \cite{Li07} have introduced a mathematical framework for dealing directly also with qualitative beliefs. In this paper we recall some element of our previous works and propose the new combination rules, developed for the fusion of both qualitative or quantitative beliefs

From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries

International audienceThe city of Ioannina appears in history in the 9th century and became one of the two main cities of Epirus during the Late Byzantine period, even becoming the capital of an independent state from 1367 to 1430. In this period, different 'Lieux de Pouvoirs' were built in the city (churches, the Palace of the Despot, military buildings). Nevertheless, we know little about their location or architecture. The city was walled by fortifications symbolizing its independence. Thanks to them, the city gained the title of "Castle". In 1430 the city passed to the hands of the Ottomans who used the revolt of 1611 to expel the Christians from the walled city. The Ottomans destroyed systematically the buildings related to the past and edified in the same places their own buildings. Ali Pasha, who governed the city from 1788 to 1821, built a large palace in the citadel. In the 19th century, the city's centre of gravity moved from the Castle and was placed outside the walls, in the surrounding neighbourhoods which existed for many centuries. By the end of the Ot- toman period, the 'Lieux de Pouvoir' had therefore already moved outside the Castle. The conquest of the city in 1913 by the Greek army did not make the Castle a 'Lieu de Pouvoir' again, but rather a 'Lieu de Mémoire'. The future of the Ottoman buildings and the museographi- cal exploitation of the Byzantine and Ottoman Patrimony were at stake. Still today, the weak Byzantine patrimony is systematically privileged while the Ottoman remnants were ill-treated, if not deliberately destroyed. The recent period nevertheless shows an evolution in the Greek cultural policy. Since the 1990s, research and restoration was caried out on the Ottoman monuments, while some plans are at the moment under way in order to make them visited for their own sake.La ville de Ioannina apparaît dans l'Histoire au IXème siècle et est devenue une cité de premier ordre en Epire pendant la période byzantine tardive, devenant même capitale d'un Etat indépendant de1367 à 1430. A cette époque, différents lieux de pouvoirs sont érigés dans la ville (Eglises, palais du Despote, bâtiments militaires). Nous ne savons cependant presque rien de leur localisation et de leur architecture. La ville était elle-même entourée de fortifcations, qui faisaient d'elle un " Château " et étaient les symboles de sa liberté. En 1430 la ville passe aux mains des Ottomans, qui proftent de la révolte de 1611 pour expulser lesChrétiens de la cité fortifiée. Les Ottomans détruisent systématiquement les bâtiments rappelant le prestige antérieur de la ville et édifent à la place leurs propres lieux de pouvoir. Ali Pasha, qui gouverne la ville de 1788 à 1821, édife un grand ensemble lui servant de palais. Au XIXème siècle cependant, le centre de gravité de la ville quitte définitivement le Château pour s'établir hors les murs dans les quartiers qui y étaient apparus depuis plusieurs siècles déjà. Dès la fin del'époque ottomane, les lieux de pouvoir ne sont donc déjà plus dans le Château. La conquête de la ville en 1913 par l'armée grecque ne donne donc pas lieu à la réappropriation du Château en tant que lieu de pouvoir mais en tant que lieu de mémoire, à travers le sort réservé aux bâtiments ottomans et à l'exploitation archéologique et muséographique du patrimoine byzantin et ottoman. Aujourd'hui encore, c'est bel et bien le patrimoine byzantin qui est systématiquement mis en avant malgré le faible nombre de vestiges, tandis que les vestiges ottomans ont été mal entretenus voire délibérément détruits. La période récente montre cependant une évolution de la politique culturelle grecque. Depuis les années 1990 des travaux de recherches et de restauration sont effectués sur les monuments ottomans, tandis que des plans sont actuellement mis en œuvre afn de faire d'eux des objets de visite en tant que tels

Sistemas de parentesco no período moderno: definições religiosas e liberdades individuais em Portugal

One of the fields in which the closest interpersonal relationships could be define along the earlymodern age, in Portugal, is that of kinship systems. Two interpretations of the kinship system were used and one was, from the standpoint of the church, binding. This led to the establishment of certain behaviors and of an activity of identifying and storing of personal and family data. The system and its implementation led to the production of bans and limitations of choices in the lives of many people with regard to moments such as marriage, christenings, etc. From the systematic study of cases in which exceptional circumstances were invoked it will be possible to try to assess the real importance of the system efficiency

Phenomenology of sensation. An study on Husserl´s Analysen zur passiven Synthesis

Los Analysen zur passiven Synthesis son una pieza clave de la fenomenología husserliana de la pasividad. Aquí me propongo volver sobre ellos atendiendo a las siguientes pespectivas de análisis: (i) la articulación entre el tiempo y la asociación; (ii) la configuración del campo sensible según un esquema diferencial y (iii) la constitución de la sensación como génesis del sentido a partir de algunos indicaciones de Gilles Deleuze.The Analysen zur passiven Synthesis are a key piece of Husserlian phenomenology of passivity. Here I propose to come back to those studies regarding the followings subjects: (i) the articulation between time and association; (ii) the shaping of the sensitive field according to differential relationships and (iii) the constitution of sensation as a genesis of sense inspired by some indications of Gilles Deleuze

Classifying Classification

AbstractDifferent types of linguistic classification, ranging from simple inheritance hierarchies to systemic networks, are classified algebraically and order-theoretically. To this end, classifications are reformulated as observational theories. Classifications that do not involve disjunction correspond to Horn theories, whose generic universe ordered by specialization is known to be a Scott domain. Several subtypes of Horn theories, corresponding to simple inheritance with exclusions, are classified with respect to their domains. Systemic classification is shown to have a flat domain. In particular, every finite systemic classification can be translated into a Horn theory. The infinite case turns out to be more subtle since non-equivalent observational theories may induce isomorphic specialization orders

Virtual Reference Services in Germany: Some examples of recent applications

Slides of a presentation given at SRELS, Bangalore, at 6/12/0