Insta-Appropriation: Finding Boundaries for the Second Circuit’s Fair Use Doctrine After Campbell

Copyright law’s current fair use landscape is riddled with unclear standards and old considerations forced upon new media. This is especially problematic in the context of digital appropriation of art from online social media platforms—an issue highlighted by Richard Prince’s exhibit “New Portraits,” in which he appropriated strangers’ Instagram photos for his own profit. Unless this situation is remedied, digital content creators will effectively lose their statutory copyright protections. Thus, when considering digital appropriation cases, courts should require a transformation of content rather than purpose, should elevate the weight of the fourth statutory factor, and should reinstate the “comment upon” standard for works of parody and satire. Other scholars have proposed changes to the fair use doctrine, but none adequately protect first-order digital content creators. As such, this Note proposes a reinterpretation of the fair use factors in light of digital appropriation and social media

Let the Servant Church Arise: Waters for the Thirsty, Supper for the Hungry

(Excerpt) The title of this address provides some clues about the perspective I bring to the question of the church\u27s mission in the world Use of the term servant church -borrowed directly from the hymn \u27\u27The Church of Christ in Every Age 1-reveals my bias for language of servanthood to describe that mission. Such language has governed my own identity as a deaconess for nearly three decades. Aidan Kavanaugh argues that the ascetic, who is dedicated to \u27\u27the art of maintaining a life of \u27right worship,\u27 serves as the exemplar for the baptized, pointing them toward the Christian\u27s ultimate end: that is, to see and to know God face to face.

Insta-Appropriation: Finding Boundaries for the Second Circuit’s Fair Use Doctrine After Campbell

Copyright law’s current fair use landscape is riddled with unclear standards and old considerations forced upon new media. This is especially problematic in the context of digital appropriation of art from online social media platforms—an issue highlighted by Richard Prince’s exhibit “New Portraits,” in which he appropriated strangers’ Instagram photos for his own profit. Unless this situation is remedied, digital content creators will effectively lose their statutory copyright protections. Thus, when considering digital appropriation cases, courts should require a transformation of content rather than purpose, should elevate the weight of the fourth statutory factor, and should reinstate the “comment upon” standard for works of parody and satire. Other scholars have proposed changes to the fair use doctrine, but none adequately protect first-order digital content creators. As such, this Note proposes a reinterpretation of the fair use factors in light of digital appropriation and social media

Inhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane replaces trichloroethylene for degreasing

In fight against air pollution inhibited TCE /1,1,1-trichloroethane/ is effective substitute for trichloroethylene in degreasing plants. This chemical has only slight photochemical activity and causes little eye irritation. TCE is less toxic than trichloroethylene and can withstand production loads and conditions, or long term storage, without degradation

Improving the equivalent-photon approximation in electron--positron collisions

The validity of the equivalent-photon approximation for two-photon processes in electron--positron collisions is critically examined. Commonly used forms to describe hadronic two-photon production are shown to lead to sizeable errors. An improved two-photon luminosity function is presented, which includes beyond-leading-logarithmic effects and scalar-photon contributions. Comparisons of various approximate expressions with the exact calculation in the case of the total hadronic cross section are given. Furthermore, effects of the poorly known low-Q2 behaviour of the virtual hadronic cross sections are discussed.Comment: 10 pages, Latex, uses 12pt.sty, no figur

Quarkonium production and decays

Quarkonium decays are studied in the charmonium model. Relativistic corrections, higher-order perturbative QCD corrections and non- perturbative contributions are discussed. Recent measurements of charmonium annihilation rates are used to evaluate the strong coupling constant $\alpha_s$ simultaneously with the wave functions (and their derivatives) at the origin. Further predictions are made for yet unobserved decay rates. The various models for quarkonium production in hadronic collisions are critically reviewed. Based on the charmonium model, the cross sections of different quarkonium states are given in a well-defined QCD perturbation series, including quark--antiquark, quark--gluon, and gluon--gluon scatterings. Numerical estimates are given for charmonium production in \p\p, \ppbar, and \pi\p collisions. The role of indirect \JP production via $\chi_{\c J}(1P)$, \eta_{\c}(2S), $\psi(2S)$ and \b-decays is pointed out. Relativistic effects and non-perturbative contributions are found to be important. Existing measurements are compiled and shown to be well explained if all contributions are included. The ${}^1S_0$ cross section is calculated in complete next-to-leading order. Finally, a study of the high-energy behaviour of quarkonium cross sections is made, based on the asymptotical behaviour of higher-order QCD corrections.Comment: 128 pages, compressed ps file available via anonymous ftp to darssrv1.cern.ch: cern/9402/th-7170-94.ps.Z, CERN-TH.7170/9

Quarkonium production: velocity-scaling rules and long-distance matrix elements

The hierarchy of long-distance matrix elements (MEs) for quarkonium production depends on their scaling with the velocity $v$ of the heavy quark in the bound state. Ranges for the velocities in various bound states and uncertainties of colour-singlet MEs are estimated in a quark-potential model. Different possibilities for the scaling with $v$ of the MEs are discussed; they depend on the actual values of $v$ and the QCD scale. As an application, J/psi polarization in e^+e^- annihilation is discussed. The first non-perturbative estimates of colour-octet MEs are presented and compared with phenomenological determinations. Finally, various predictions of prompt quarkonium production at LEP are compared.Comment: 17 pages, Latex, uses 12pt.sty and epsfig.sty, 2 figure

On the non-perturbative part of the photon structure function

We discuss a dispersion relation in the photon mass and show how (in principle) model-independent constraints on the parton distribution functions of the photon, notably a momentum sumrule, can be obtained. We present two sets of parametrizations, SaS~1 and~2, corresponding to two rather extreme realizations of the non-perturbative part. Inclusive electron scattering off a real photon is found to be insufficient to constrain the non-perturbative components. The additional sensitivity provided by the photon virtuality is outlined. Previous approaches to model the non-perturbative input distributions are commented upon.Comment: Latex, 7 page

Models for Photon-photon Total Cross-sections

We present here a brief overview of recent models describing the photon-photon cross-section into hadrons. We shall show in detail results from the eikonal minijet model, with and without soft gluon summation.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, laTeX, requires espcrc2.sty. To appear in the Proceedings of Photon-99, Freiburg, 23 -27 May 99, labels in the figures 1,3,4,5 corrected, one typo in an equation correcte

Sharing Traditional and Contemporary Literature with Deaf Children

published or submitted for publicatio