Inondabilité : une méthode de prévention raisonnable du risque d'inondation pour une gestion mieux intégrée des bassins versants

Une partie de la réponse aux impacts économiques, sociaux et humains des inondations réside en une meilleure gestion de l'occupation des sols. La méthode Inondabilité permet d'apporter une réponse opérationnelle aux acteurs en charge de la gestion et l'aménagement des cours d'eau. Elle permet de mesurer dans la même unité et de comparer les deux facteurs indépendants que sont l'aléa et la vulnérabilité, pour aboutir à une quantification objective du risque. Sa mise en oeuvre sur un bassin versant consiste en une modélisation de l'hydrologie grâce aux modèles Débit-durée-Fréquence, de l'hydraulique ainsi que de l'occupation du sol pour aboutir à une représentation cartographique du risque.L'originalité de la méthode Inondabilité tient à la quantification de l'aléa et de la vulnérabilité en une même unité, une période de retour qui permet une comparaison objective de deux grandeurs très différentes. De plus, la quantification du risque est estimée à l'aide d'une différence (Risque=∆ (aléa, vulnérabilité)) contrairement aux approches traditionnelles qui privilégient souvent un produit (Risque=Coût X probabilité ), permettant ainsi la définition d'un risque acceptable (∆ négatif).In recent years, the incidence of flood damage in France and Europe has demonstrated that we still have some progress to achieve if we are to cope with inundations. To do so, prevention, forecasting and promotion of risk culture or awareness are possible tools. They should be used together because of their complementary nature and their common field of application. In risk prevention, it seems that conceptualizing risk by dividing it between a socio-economic dimension (vulnerability) and a hydrological dimension (hazard) is a productive approach.The first factor, "vulnerability", takes into account how a certain land use can deal with the phenomena, regardless of its occurrence. It is mostly relevant to the fields of sociology and economics. The second factor, "hazard", summarizes the natural phenomena, the occurrence of which could create human or economic damage. Both of these factors are relevant to hydrology and hydraulic sciences and have been studied for years. A given land area could be considered as "risky" when the probability of occurrence of the hazard is higher than what can be tolerated. Both hazard and vulnerability should be estimated as objectively as possible. The main difficulty in comparing these two factors is to define a similar measure for the two concepts, with a single unit. This is the purpose of the Inondabilité method: to produce a similar reference allowing an objective comparison.The aim of Inondabilité is to define a method to quantify both hazard and vulnerability in a compatible manner and then to build easy-to-understand, synthetic maps of risks as the basis for a real negotiation in the land-use planning process. Such maps allow the comparison of different evolution scenarios, taking into account the two components of risk, and their possible changes.Hydrology should give a synthetic description of the flow regime of the studied river. This can be based on flow-duration-frequency (QdF) models which describe the statistical functioning of the catchment and facilitate the calculation of the probability of events. Such synthetic models also yield synthetic hydrographs that are useful for hydraulic modelling and allow the quantification of vulnerability. Hydraulics is specially used to calculate hazard. Using hydrological results, a hydraulic model calculates flooded areas for flows of various return periods, from frequent to extreme. Each land parcel could be affected by the return period of the first flooding discharge corresponding to its hazard level. The same model will then be used to estimate the consequences of hydraulic works.Describing land use allows us to attribute a reasonable protection target to each land type. Varied areas such as natural (forests, grass lands, …), rural (crops fields, orchards, …) and urban (camping areas, leisure areas, cities …) should be treated differently. Each land-use type is characterized by a target expressed in terms of frequency, duration and depth of an acceptable flood, resulting from local reviews and consultations. Then, an equivalent measure could be calculated, according to flow-duration-frequency models. Its unit is a return period expressed in years.After these two steps, that is to say hazard and vulnerability analysis, it is possible to build different maps. Hazard maps show the flooded areas for different return period flows. Vulnerability maps show the spatial distribution of this measure, equivalent to the need for protection allocated to each parcel according to its land use. The two variables being expressed in the same units, a return period in units of years, it is easy to compare them for each parcel and to convert this comparison into an easy-to-understand colour code:- either hazard is higher than vulnerability (the hazard's return period is lower than that of vulnerability): this shows an incompatibility between the desired protection target and the actual hydraulic constraint, and the parcel is colored in red ; - or hazard is lower than vulnerability (the hazard's return period is higher …), which shows a reasonable safety of the parcel according to its land use, and the parcel is colored in green ; - or the parcel is away from the maximum flooded area: there is no risk at all, and the parcel is colored in yellow . The same formalism allows the representation of the results for any kind of solution, structural options such as hydraulic works, or non-structural options such as changes in land-use planning, and their comparison. Synthetic maps are a more efficient way to compare management scenarios and their effect on the distribution of risk all along the river than are classical design flow studies. They should facilitate real negotiation and lead to a more sustainable river management.The Inondabilité method offers advantages from other commonly used methods. First, it doesn't deal with only one referenced flood but with floods of various frequencies. It provides a good description of the overall regime of the catchment. Second, the definition of the risk as a difference ( Risk=∆ (Hazard, vulnerability)) implies a search of an acceptable solution instead of an optimized solution, usually impossible to reach. Third, the projection of vulnerability and hazard in a 1D space makes it very easy to draw a risk map, and this map is easy to understand for anybody, even non technical personnel.The originality of Inondabilité method lies in the quantification of vulnerability and hazard in the same unit, a flood return period. However, in the future more economic and social concepts have to be introduced to better fit the complex reality

Care of elderly people by the general practitioner and the geriatrician in Belgium: a qualitative study of their relationship

Isabelle Dagneaux1, Isabelle Gilard2, Jan De Lepeleire31Chair of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium; 2Geriatric Day Hospital, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium; 3Department of General Practice, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, BelgiumObjectives: The care of elderly people is a large part of a general practitioner's work. The growing elderly population means that the medical community must give thought to the management of their care. Within this large field, we focused on the relationship between general practitioners and hospital geriatricians.Methods: Focus group discussions were performed to describe the collaboration between general practitioners and hospital geriatricians: four of these focus groups contained only general practitioners, two groups contained only hospital geriatricians, and one group was made up of general practitioners and hospital specialists. Participants were invited to speak about bad or good experiences of intercollaboration. The discussions were recorded, transcribed, and coded.Results: An important regional disparity was observed: better relationships and easier collaboration were reported in those regions that benefit from a wider range of geriatric services. In areas with few geriatric services, doctors knew little of other professionals and reported suspicion and even conflicts. Positive experiences and communication favor good relationships.Conclusions: The collaboration between general practitioners and hospital geriatricians should be enhanced: information, exchanges, and reflection on roles and competencies are essential.Keywords: geriatrics, general practitioner, collaboration, qualitative research, elderl

Care of elderly people by the general practitioner and the geriatrician in Belgium: a qualitative study of their relationship

Objectives. The care of elderly people is a large part of the general practitioners’ work. The growing elderly population requires a reflection on the management of care. Within this large field, we focused on the relationship between general practitioners (GPs) and hospital geriatricians (HGs). Methods. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were performed to describe the collaboration between GPs and HGs: four groups with only GPs, two groups with only HGs and one group with GPs and hospital specialists. Participants were invited to speak about their bad or good experiences of inter-collaboration. The discussions were recorded, transcribed and coded. Results. An important regional disparity was observed: areas that benefit from a wider range of geriatric services were characterised by a perception of better relationships and easier collaboration. In areas with few geriatric services, doctors knew little of other professionals and reported suspicion and even conflicts. Positive experiences and exchanges favour good relationships. Conclusions. The collaboration between GPs and HGs should be enhanced: information, exchanges, reflection on roles and competencies are essential

Film as a medium for improving EFL students' English: a case study.

Ng Wai Chuen.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-126).Abstracts in English and Chinese.ABSTRACT (English version)ABSTRACT (Chinese version)ACKNOWLEDGMENTSChapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTIONChapter 1.1 --- Overview --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Significance of the study --- p.3Chapter 1.3 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.4Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEWChapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.5Chapter 2.2 --- Theory: Video and L2 acquisition --- p.5Chapter 2.3 --- Selection and preparation of lesson materials --- p.8Chapter 2.4 --- Film in the L1 classroom --- p.10Chapter 2.5 --- Film in the L2 classroom --- p.11Chapter 2.5.1 --- Listening comprehension --- p.11Chapter 2.5.2 --- Oral skills --- p.14Chapter 2.5.3 --- Writing --- p.15Chapter 2.5.4 --- Critical thinking --- p.17Chapter 2.5.5 --- "Language: Vocabulary, idioms, slang" --- p.21Chapter 2.5.6 --- Communicative performance --- p.22Chapter 2.5.7 --- Cross-cultural issues --- p.24Chapter 2.5.8 --- Complementing literary works --- p.25Chapter 2.5.9 --- Movie tie-in novels --- p.26Chapter 2.6 --- The Hong Kong context --- p.27Chapter 2.7 --- Conclusion: The need for further study --- p.30Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- METHODOLOGYChapter 3.1 --- Research design: The case study approach --- p.33Chapter 3.2 --- Research questions --- p.34Chapter 3.3 --- Subjects --- p.35Chapter 3.3.1 --- The course ELT 3104 --- p.35Chapter 3.3.2 --- Instructor A --- p.37Chapter 3.3.3 --- The students --- p.37Chapter 3.4 --- Data collection --- p.38Chapter 3.4.1 --- Questionnaire survey --- p.38Chapter 3.4.2 --- Semi-structured interviews --- p.39Chapter 3.4.3 --- Naturalistic classroom observation --- p.40Chapter 3.4.4 --- Text analysis --- p.41Chapter 3.5 --- The pilot study --- p.41Chapter 3.5.1 --- Classroom observation --- p.42Chapter 3.5.2 --- Pilot questionnaire survey --- p.43Chapter 3.6 --- Conclusion --- p.44Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- RESULTSChapter 4.1 --- Questionnaire survey --- p.45Chapter 4.1.1 --- Pre-course questionnaire --- p.45Chapter 4.1.2 --- Post-course questionnaire --- p.47Chapter 4.2 --- Interviews --- p.48Chapter 4.2.1 --- Instructor A's interviews --- p.48Chapter 4.2.2 --- Brief student profiles and interview summaries --- p.50Chapter 4.3 --- Classroom observation --- p.55Chapter 4.4 --- Text analysis --- p.57Chapter 4.4.1 --- Course syllabus and schedule --- p.57Chapter 4.4.2 --- Lecture handouts --- p.57Chapter 4.4.3 --- Presentation handouts --- p.58Chapter 4.4.4 --- Final term paper --- p.59Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusion --- p.59Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONChapter 5.1 --- Revised research questions --- p.60Chapter 5.2 --- Film and ESL: Students' past experience --- p.61Chapter 5.2.1 --- Authentic and natural language --- p.62Chapter 5.2.2 --- Benefits of using English captions --- p.63Chapter 5.2.3 --- "Listening, speaking, and conversation" --- p.65Chapter 5.2.4 --- Doorway to other cultures --- p.65Chapter 5.2.5 --- Analytical and critical thinking --- p.67Chapter 5.3 --- The course ELT 3104: Factors affecting the learning process --- p.68Chapter 5.3.1 --- The instructor --- p.69Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- "Personality, interest, philosophy, and approach" --- p.69Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The role of the facilitator --- p.70Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Students' views of Instructor A --- p.71Chapter 5.3.2 --- The students --- p.73Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Cinematic sophistication --- p.73Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- English proficiency --- p.74Chapter 5.3.2.3 --- Personal interests --- p.75Chapter 5.3.2.4 --- Grouping --- p.77Chapter 5.3.2.5 --- Motivation --- p.80Chapter 5.3.3 --- Student-centered approach --- p.83Chapter 5.3.4 --- Choice of film --- p.86Chapter 5.3.5 --- Cultural differences --- p.90Chapter 5.3.6 --- Film knowledge covered --- p.94Chapter 5.3.7 --- Workload and other classroom factors --- p.98Chapter 5.3.7.1 --- Assignments --- p.98Chapter 5.3.7.2 --- Classroom atmosphere --- p.99Chapter 5.3.7.3 --- Lesson time --- p.100Chapter 5.4 --- The effectiveness of the course --- p.102Chapter 5.4.1 --- Students' self-assessment --- p.103Chapter 5.4.2 --- Instructor A's comments --- p.107Chapter 5.4.3 --- Students' term papers --- p.110Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusion --- p.114Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- IMPLICATIONS & CONCLUSIONChapter 6.1 --- Summary of research questions and findings --- p.115Chapter 6.2 --- Pedagogical implications --- p.116Chapter 6.3 --- Limitations of the present study --- p.118Chapter 6.4 --- Recommendations for further studies & conclusion --- p.121BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.123APPENDICES --- p.12

«Ja em vaig aplatanant»: l'exil colombien de Ramon Vinyes (1940-1950)

This article analyzes in detail the new period of exile of Ramon Vinyes in Barranquilla (1940-1950): Franco’s victory forces him to seek exile and return again to Colombia, where the longing for the lost fatherland and the distance from his family and Colombian society provoke in him a feeling of apathy. But also at that time he creates a narrative style that may be said to belong to the initial stirrings of what will later be called Magic Realism

Development of a Web System-based Geographic Information System Technologies to Mapping Electromagnetic Fields: First Developments

The purpose of this research work is to make decisions about the exposure levels of people to radiation, for which, the Web System based on GIS technology (DECOMAPS) was developed for mapping electromagnetic fields in the city of Riobamba. This system executes analysis, search, creation, automation of processes, and mapping activities of electromagnetic fields. The system was developed on an agile development methodology called SCRUM, which allows to create an optimal and interactive work environment between the product owner and the developers in order to create a quality system. Many technological tools were applied by the developer of this system. Once successfully completed, the system was subjected to tests of functionality and usability of the final product through quality metrics established by ISO 9126-3, where it was determined that the system is 93.64% functional, in addition to a 94.40% in usability. Concluding that the system is functional and can be implemented as a contribution in research to be developed in the future on the effects of electromagnetic fields on the human body.     Keywords: OpenGeo Suite, Java, SCRUM, ISO 9126-3, DECOMAP