Retos para lograr la sustentabilidad del sector.

Desde hace décadas se han manifestado mundialmente y de diversa índole, preocupaciones acerca de los impactos del crecimiento económico sobre el medio ambiente y en los recursos naturales; a su vez, existe cada vez más una mayor conciencia de los efectos adversos del cambio climático que se están dando y de otros cambios muchas veces irreversibles y por esto se implementa política energética sustentable requiere que sea avalada ampliamente por los principales actores sociales del país en la cual el estado juega un papel fundamental, formulando las medidas que con certeza conduzcan a un suministro de energía que mejore los índices de sustentabilidad del país

Contributions of mean and shape of blood pressure distribution to worldwide trends and variations in raised blood pressure: A pooled analysis of 1018 population-based measurement studies with 88.6 million participants

© The Author(s) 2018. Background: Change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure could be due to both shifts in the entire distribution of blood pressure (representing the combined effects of public health interventions and secular trends) and changes in its high-blood-pressure tail (representing successful clinical interventions to control blood pressure in the hypertensive population). Our aim was to quantify the contributions of these two phenomena to the worldwide trends in the prevalence of raised blood pressure. Methods: We pooled 1018 population-based studies with blood pressure measurements on 88.6 million participants from 1985 to 2016. We first calculated mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and prevalence of raised blood pressure by sex and 10-year age group from 20-29 years to 70-79 years in each study, taking into account complex survey design and survey sample weights, where relevant. We used a linear mixed effect model to quantify the association between (probittransformed) prevalence of raised blood pressure and age-group- and sex-specific mean blood pressure. We calculated the contributions of change in mean SBP and DBP, and of change in the prevalence-mean association, to the change in prevalence of raised blood pressure. Results: In 2005-16, at the same level of population mean SBP and DBP, men and women in South Asia and in Central Asia, the Middle East and North Africa would have the highest prevalence of raised blood pressure, and men and women in the highincome Asia Pacific and high-income Western regions would have the lowest. In most region-sex-age groups where the prevalence of raised blood pressure declined, one half or more of the decline was due to the decline in mean blood pressure. Where prevalence of raised blood pressure has increased, the change was entirely driven by increasing mean blood pressure, offset partly by the change in the prevalence-mean association. Conclusions: Change in mean blood pressure is the main driver of the worldwide change in the prevalence of raised blood pressure, but change in the high-blood-pressure tail of the distribution has also contributed to the change in prevalence, especially in older age groups

Global variations in diabetes mellitus based on fasting glucose and haemogloblin A1c

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are both used to diagnose diabetes, but may identify different people as having diabetes. We used data from 117 population-based studies and quantified, in different world regions, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, and whether those who were previously undiagnosed and detected as having diabetes in survey screening had elevated FPG, HbA1c, or both. We developed prediction equations for estimating the probability that a person without previously diagnosed diabetes, and at a specific level of FPG, had elevated HbA1c, and vice versa. The age-standardised proportion of diabetes that was previously undiagnosed, and detected in survey screening, ranged from 30% in the high-income western region to 66% in south Asia. Among those with screen-detected diabetes with either test, the agestandardised proportion who had elevated levels of both FPG and HbA1c was 29-39% across regions; the remainder had discordant elevation of FPG or HbA1c. In most low- and middle-income regions, isolated elevated HbA1c more common than isolated elevated FPG. In these regions, the use of FPG alone may delay diabetes diagnosis and underestimate diabetes prevalence. Our prediction equations help allocate finite resources for measuring HbA1c to reduce the global gap in diabetes diagnosis and surveillance.peer-reviewe

Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants

Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings

Heterogeneous contributions of change in population distribution of body mass index to change in obesity and underweight NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)

From 1985 to 2016, the prevalence of underweight decreased, and that of obesity and severe obesity increased, in most regions, with significant variation in the magnitude of these changes across regions. We investigated how much change in mean body mass index (BMI) explains changes in the prevalence of underweight, obesity, and severe obesity in different regions using data from 2896 population-based studies with 187 million participants. Changes in the prevalence of underweight and total obesity, and to a lesser extent severe obesity, are largely driven by shifts in the distribution of BMI, with smaller contributions from changes in the shape of the distribution. In East and Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, the underweight tail of the BMI distribution was left behind as the distribution shifted. There is a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions

A study of differences between monotic and dichotic 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate differences between monotich and dichotic 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response (ASSR) with Interacoustics Eclipse. Design The aspects studied are test duration, relation be¬tween ASSR and behavioural thresholds (BT), reproducibility and correlation between rejects during Brainstem Response Audiometry (BRA) and differences between ASSR and BT. Monotic and dichotic ASSR-thresholds for eight normal hearing subjects (<20 dB HL) were estimated for frequencies 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz. The results were analyzed by mean and standard deviation. Results Duration: The analyze show that dichotic is the measurement that has the shortest test duration if both ears are to be tested at four frequencies. Relation between ASSR and BT: No difference between monotic measurement (MM) and dichotic measurement (DM) could be distinguished. How¬ever the results show that the correlation between ASSR and BT is greatest at 1 kHz. Reproducibility: Neither MM or DM show ASSR-thresholds that are generally better. Best reproducibility is found at 2 and 4 kHz. Correlation between rejects during BRA and dif¬ferences between ASSR and BT: A possible connection can only be seen at 0.5 kHz. Conclusion The results of this study show that DM is preferable when the test time is reduced without affecting the result. For a generally applicable result more extensive studies should be made

Battery powered mining machinesand their effect on the electricityquality

Sammanfattning Detta examensarbete utfördes i samarbete med LKAB. I LKAB:s produktion används idag dieseldrivna lastbilar och hjullastare. För att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp är ambitionen att byta ut dessa mot batteridrivna fordon. När mer och mer elektrisk utrustning börjar användas i gruvan uppstår frågor om hur detta kommer att påverka elkvaliten. I dagsläget utförs mätningar av elkvaliten på LKAB, men några djupare analyser av elkvaliten görs sällan. Målet med detta arbete är att analysera hur batteriladdning kommer att påverka elkvaliten i LKAB:s testgruva Konsul. Detta kommer förhoppningsvis hjälpa till att lägga grunden för fortsatt arbete med elkvalitet inom LKAB. Studien inleds med en teoretisk beskrivning av elkvalitet och hur den kan mätas. Fokus har lagts på spänningövertoner och total harmonisk distorsion (THD) eftersom de är de mest relevanta måtten för de laddare som rapporten berör. Mätningen av elkvaliteten har utgått från Energimarknadsinspektionens föreskrift EIFS 2013:1 och standarden IEC TR 61000-2-6:1995 från Internationella Elektrotekniska Kommissionen (IEC). I studien simuleras övertonsstörningar i testgruvan Konsul i programmet NEPLAN. Dessa störningar jämförs, både med de tidigare nämnda standarderna och med de redan befintliga övertonsstörningar, som finns i LKAB:s elnät. Resultatet visar att de övertoner som genereras av en enskild batteriladdare befinner sig inom de krav som ställs i standarderna. Det visade också att övertonerna som genererades av laddarna skilde sig från de övertoner som finns i LKAB:s elnät under normala omständigheter. Laddarnas inverkan på elkvaliteten visade sig visserligen vara liten, men ändå så pass stor att den kommer att behöva tas i beräkning när elektrifieringen av gruvan fortsätter. Nyckelord Elkvalitet, elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet, övertonsstörningarAbstract This bachelor's thesis was done in collaboration with LKAB. LKAB are currently using diesel powered trucks and wheels loaders in their production. In order to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions, the diesel powered vehicles are planned to be replaced by battery driven vehicles. When more electrical equipment is used in the mine, questions about their effect on power quality arises. In the current situation power quality measurements are being done, however the data is rarely analysed. This thesis aims to analyse how battery charging may affect the power quality in LKABs test mine Konsul. This will hopefully help lay the foundation for future power quality work within LKAB. The thesis starts with a theoretical description of power quality and how it can be measured. The focus has been placed on voltage and current harmonics and the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) since it is considered to be one of the most important measurements of power quality. The measurement of power quality is based on the Swedish energy markets inspectorate’s regulation EIFS 2013:1 and the IEC TR 61000-2-6:1995 standard from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) A simulation of harmonic distortion have been done in the program NEPLAN. The distortion is compared with both with the above-mentioned standards as well as with already existing harmonic distortions within LKAB:s power gird. The result shows that the harmonic distortion caused by the chargers is well within the boundaries set by the standards. It also shows that the harmonics generated by the chargers where different from the harmonics that currently presents in LKAB:s power grid. The chargers effect on the power quality is small but needs to be taken into consideration when the electrification of the mine continues. key words power quality, electromagnetic compatibility, harmonic distortio

Battery powered mining machinesand their effect on the electricityquality

Sammanfattning Detta examensarbete utfördes i samarbete med LKAB. I LKAB:s produktion används idag dieseldrivna lastbilar och hjullastare. För att minska sina koldioxidutsläpp är ambitionen att byta ut dessa mot batteridrivna fordon. När mer och mer elektrisk utrustning börjar användas i gruvan uppstår frågor om hur detta kommer att påverka elkvaliten. I dagsläget utförs mätningar av elkvaliten på LKAB, men några djupare analyser av elkvaliten görs sällan. Målet med detta arbete är att analysera hur batteriladdning kommer att påverka elkvaliten i LKAB:s testgruva Konsul. Detta kommer förhoppningsvis hjälpa till att lägga grunden för fortsatt arbete med elkvalitet inom LKAB. Studien inleds med en teoretisk beskrivning av elkvalitet och hur den kan mätas. Fokus har lagts på spänningövertoner och total harmonisk distorsion (THD) eftersom de är de mest relevanta måtten för de laddare som rapporten berör. Mätningen av elkvaliteten har utgått från Energimarknadsinspektionens föreskrift EIFS 2013:1 och standarden IEC TR 61000-2-6:1995 från Internationella Elektrotekniska Kommissionen (IEC). I studien simuleras övertonsstörningar i testgruvan Konsul i programmet NEPLAN. Dessa störningar jämförs, både med de tidigare nämnda standarderna och med de redan befintliga övertonsstörningar, som finns i LKAB:s elnät. Resultatet visar att de övertoner som genereras av en enskild batteriladdare befinner sig inom de krav som ställs i standarderna. Det visade också att övertonerna som genererades av laddarna skilde sig från de övertoner som finns i LKAB:s elnät under normala omständigheter. Laddarnas inverkan på elkvaliteten visade sig visserligen vara liten, men ändå så pass stor att den kommer att behöva tas i beräkning när elektrifieringen av gruvan fortsätter. Nyckelord Elkvalitet, elektromagnetisk kompatibilitet, övertonsstörningarAbstract This bachelor's thesis was done in collaboration with LKAB. LKAB are currently using diesel powered trucks and wheels loaders in their production. In order to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions, the diesel powered vehicles are planned to be replaced by battery driven vehicles. When more electrical equipment is used in the mine, questions about their effect on power quality arises. In the current situation power quality measurements are being done, however the data is rarely analysed. This thesis aims to analyse how battery charging may affect the power quality in LKABs test mine Konsul. This will hopefully help lay the foundation for future power quality work within LKAB. The thesis starts with a theoretical description of power quality and how it can be measured. The focus has been placed on voltage and current harmonics and the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) since it is considered to be one of the most important measurements of power quality. The measurement of power quality is based on the Swedish energy markets inspectorate’s regulation EIFS 2013:1 and the IEC TR 61000-2-6:1995 standard from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) A simulation of harmonic distortion have been done in the program NEPLAN. The distortion is compared with both with the above-mentioned standards as well as with already existing harmonic distortions within LKAB:s power gird. The result shows that the harmonic distortion caused by the chargers is well within the boundaries set by the standards. It also shows that the harmonics generated by the chargers where different from the harmonics that currently presents in LKAB:s power grid. The chargers effect on the power quality is small but needs to be taken into consideration when the electrification of the mine continues. key words power quality, electromagnetic compatibility, harmonic distortio

Prefabricerade passivhusväggar

Background: The most energy efficient houses today are so called passive houses. These houses achieve high energy-efficiency partly by having well insulated walls. U-value describes the amount of heat transfered through a building element, the more insulation, the smaller U-value. A typical passive house wall have a U-value of 0.10 W/m2,°C. The passive houses are primarily made as small family houses and not as a block of apartments. This is partly because the bigger houses often are made of prefabricated walls, which at present times are not made with enough insulation. One construction method common in prefabrication is a sandwich-construction with two layer of concrete surrounding a core of cellular plastic. Skanska is making this type of walls in a factory on Gotland. We wanted to combine the energy efficiency of passive housing with the efficiency of prefabricated sandwich-walls. Aims: To present a suggestion of a sandwich-construction made with concrete and cellular plastic with a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C, that could be implemented in the factory on Gotland. Methods: By analyzing systems of today we developed two different models that have a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C. The first system was developed from a system used in Skanska’s factory on Gotland and the second one was based on a system delivered by Halfen DEHA. This was made through empirical tests and theoretical calculations. We compared the developed systems in terms of the conditions in Skanska’s factory on Gotland. Result and discussion: The system based on Halfen DEHA needs a larger amount of shackles, than the system developed from Skanska’s present system. This leads to the need of thicker insulation to achieve the desired U-value. The reason is that the Skanska-based system uses a combination of shackles and cellular plastic to carry the loads of the coating layer while the Halfen DEHA depends on the shackles alone. We believe that the first of our two developed systems is the best in terms of the ease in adopting to the production method in Skanska’s factory. The second system is safer in terms of controlling the production and has the possibility to have an air gap. Conclusion: In the rapport we present a sandwich-construction system that has a U-value below 0.10 W/m2,°C, that we believe would work for prefabrication of wall structures and could be easily adopted in Skanska’s factory on Gotland