Solidarity Witness: Collective Resistance to the US Security State

At the onset of the twenty-first century, the US security state exemplifies the kind of militarized social control that has become a key buttress to a global regime of deepening inequalities, injustices and indignities. This study explores how three social movement groups, broadly from the Christian left, majority white and middle-class, resist the US security state by envisioning and enacting solidarity with the state’s targets. Original data collection includes weeks of participant observation, forty-nine semi-structured interviews, fifty-four follow-up surveys, and an archive of hundreds of courtroom statements with three protest communities: 1) School of the Americas Watch, which seeks to close the military training facility at Ft. Benning, Georgia; 2) the Migrant Trail Walk, part of the US/Mexico border justice movement; and 3) Witness Against Torture, a grassroots effort to close the Guantánamo Bay Detention Center. I identify a political practice among these groups that I term solidarity witness by which these activists come to see, feel, and know injustices that do not most immediately impact them personally and then testify widely to the complex impacts of state violence. Solidarity witness is both performative and prefigurative. Through ritual protest and embodied, sometimes high-risk tactics, these activists expand the sphere of politics while nurturing internal cultures of opposition. Their mode of resistance reveals the importance of affect, embodiment and morality in social movement mobilization.While the groups in this study do intend to change state policies and institutions, their chances for melioristic reform have appeared to be small in practice. Their acts of ethical witness in the public sphere and principled refusal in close community instead highlight the limitations of policy change under a global, neoliberal security complex. In the face of impervious US political institutions and only the smallest pretense to real democracy, the practice of solidarity witness allows these activists to reckon with legacies of privilege tied to the oppression of others while also seeking to disinvest in this privilege in meaningful ways. Theirs is ultimately a conception of solidarity in which state violence and injustice impacts everyone, but in ways that must not be made equivalent. Solidarity witness allows these activists to satisfy a desire for self-respect, to craft a current existence that seems more dignified, moral, just and imaginative than their lives previously permitted, and to attach themselves to a collective struggle for a better future

Automorphic properties of low energy string amplitudes in various dimensions

This paper explores the moduli-dependent coefficients of higher derivative interactions that appear in the low-energy expansion of the four-graviton amplitude of maximally supersymmetric string theory compactified on a d-torus. These automorphic functions are determined for terms up to order D^6R^4 and various values of d by imposing a variety of consistency conditions. They satisfy Laplace eigenvalue equations with or without source terms, whose solutions are given in terms of Eisenstein series, or more general automorphic functions, for certain parabolic subgroups of the relevant U-duality groups. The ultraviolet divergences of the corresponding supergravity field theory limits are encoded in various logarithms, although the string theory expressions are finite. This analysis includes intriguing representations of SL(d) and SO(d,d) Eisenstein series in terms of toroidally compactified one and two-loop string and supergravity amplitudes.Comment: 80 pages. 1 figure. v2:Typos corrected, footnotes amended and small clarifications. v3: minor corrections. Version to appear in Phys Rev

Dissection of Besnoitia besnoiti intermediate host life cycle stages: From morphology to gene expression.

Cyst-forming Apicomplexa (CFA) of the Sarcocystidae have a ubiquitous presence as pathogens of humans and farm animals transmitted through the food chain between hosts with few notable exceptions. The defining hallmark of this family of obligate intracellular protists consists of their ability to remain for very long periods as infectious tissue cysts in chronically infected intermediate hosts. Nevertheless, each closely related species has evolved unique strategies to maintain distinct reservoirs on global scales and ensuring efficient transmission to definitive hosts as well as between intermediate hosts. Here, we present an in-depth comparative mRNA expression analysis of the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages of Besnoitia besnoiti strain Lisbon14 isolated from an infected farm animal based on its annotated genome sequence. The B. besnoiti genome is highly syntenic with that of other CFA and also retains the capacity to encode a large majority of known and inferred factors essential for completing a sexual cycle in a yet unknown definitive host. This work introduces Besnoitia besnoiti as a new model for comparative biology of coccidian tissue cysts which can be readily obtained in high purity. This model provides a framework for addressing fundamental questions about the evolution of tissue cysts and the biology of this pharmacologically intractable infectious parasite stage

Dissection of Besnoitia besnoiti intermediate host life cycle stages: From morphology to gene expression

Cyst-forming Apicomplexa (CFA) of the Sarcocystidae have a ubiquitous presence as pathogens of humans and farm animals transmitted through the food chain between hosts with few notable exceptions. The defining hallmark of this family of obligate intracellular protists consists of their ability to remain for very long periods as infectious tissue cysts in chronically infected intermediate hosts. Nevertheless, each closely related species has evolved unique strategies to maintain distinct reservoirs on global scales and ensuring efficient transmission to definitive hosts as well as between intermediate hosts. Here, we present an in-depth comparative mRNA expression analysis of the tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages of Besnoitia besnoiti strain Lisbon14 isolated from an infected farm animal based on its annotated genome sequence. The B. besnoiti genome is highly syntenic with that of other CFA and also retains the capacity to encode a large majority of known and inferred factors essential for completing a sexual cycle in a yet unknown definitive host. This work introduces Besnoitia besnoiti as a new model for comparative biology of coccidian tissue cysts which can be readily obtained in high purity. This model provides a framework for addressing fundamental questions about the evolution of tissue cysts and the biology of this pharmacologically intractable infectious parasite stage

Tissue-selective estrogen complexes with bazedoxifene prevent metabolic dysfunction in female mice

Pairing the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene (BZA) with estrogen as a tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC) is a novel menopausal therapy. We investigated estrogen, BZA and TSEC effects in preventing diabetisity in ovariectomized mice during high-fat feeding. Estrogen, BZA or TSEC prevented fat accumulation in adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle, and improved insulin resistance and glucose intolerance without stimulating uterine growth. Estrogen, BZA and TSEC improved energy homeostasis by increasing lipid oxidation and energy expenditure, and promoted insulin action by enhancing insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and suppressing hepatic glucose production. While estrogen improved metabolic homeostasis, at least partially, by increasing hepatic production of FGF21, BZA increased hepatic expression of Sirtuin1, PPARα and AMPK activity. The metabolic benefits of BZA were lost in estrogen receptor-α deficient mice. Thus, BZA alone or in TSEC produces metabolic signals of fasting and caloric restriction and improves energy and glucose homeostasis in female mice

Broad targeting of resistance to apoptosis in cancer

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body. Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks to eliminate malignant cells. However, in cancer, de-regulated apoptotic signaling, particularly the activation of an anti-apoptotic systems, allows cancer cells to escape this program leading to uncontrolled proliferation resulting in tumor survival, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. This resistance is a complicated phenomenon that emanates from the interactions of various molecules and signaling pathways. In this comprehensive review we discuss the various factors contributing to apoptosis resistance in cancers. The key resistance targets that are discussed include (1) Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins; (2) autophagy processes; (3) necrosis and necroptosis; (4) heat shock protein signaling; (5) the proteasome pathway; (6) epigenetic mechanisms; and (7) aberrant nuclear export signaling. The shortcomings of current therapeutic modalities are highlighted and a broad spectrum strategy using approaches including (a) gossypol; (b) epigallocatechin-3-gallate; (c) UMI-77 (d) triptolide and (e) selinexor that can be used to overcome cell death resistance is presented. This review provides a roadmap for the design of successful anti-cancer strategies that overcome resistance to apoptosis for better therapeutic outcome in patients with cancer

Sustained proliferation in cancer: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets

Proliferation is an important part of cancer development and progression. This is manifest by altered expression and/or activity of cell cycle related proteins. Constitutive activation of many signal transduction pathways also stimulates cell growth. Early steps in tumor development are associated with a fibrogenic response and the development of a hypoxic environment which favors the survival and proliferation of cancer stem cells. Part of the survival strategy of cancer stem cells may manifested by alterations in cell metabolism. Once tumors appear, growth and metastasis may be supported by overproduction of appropriate hormones (in hormonally dependent cancers), by promoting angiogenesis, by undergoing epithelial to mesenchymal transition, by triggering autophagy, and by taking cues from surrounding stromal cells. A number of natural compounds (e.g., curcumin, resveratrol, indole-3-carbinol, brassinin, sulforaphane, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, genistein, ellagitannins, lycopene and quercetin) have been found to inhibit one or more pathways that contribute to proliferation (e.g., hypoxia inducible factor 1, nuclear factor kappa B, phosphoinositide 3 kinase/Akt, insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, Wnt, cell cycle associated proteins, as well as androgen and estrogen receptor signaling). These data, in combination with bioinformatics analyses, will be very important for identifying signaling pathways and molecular targets that may provide early diagnostic markers and/or critical targets for the development of new drugs or drug combinations that block tumor formation and progression

An Update on the Intracellular and Intercellular Trafficking of Carmoviruses

[EN] Despite harboring the smallest genomes among plant RNA viruses, carmoviruses have emerged as an ideal model system for studying essential steps of the viral cycle including intracellular and intercellular trafficking. Two small movement proteins, formerly known as double gene block proteins (DGBp1 and DGBp2), have been involved in the movement throughout the plant of some members of carmovirus genera. DGBp1 RNA-binding capability was indispensable for cell-to-cell movement indicating that viral genomes must interact with DGBp1 to be transported. Further investigation on Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) DGBp1 subcellular localization and dynamics also supported this idea as this protein showed an actin-dependent movement along microfilaments and accumulated at the cellular periphery. Regarding DGBp2, subcellular localization studies showed that MNSV and Pelargonium flower break virus DGBp2s were inserted into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane but only MNSV DGBp2 trafficked to plasmodesmata (PD) via the Golgi apparatus through a COPII-dependent pathway. DGBp2 function is still unknown but its localization at PD was a requisite for an efficient cell-to-cell movement. It is also known that MNSV infection can induce a dramatic reorganization of mitochondria resulting in anomalous organelles containing viral RNAs. These putative viral factories were frequently found associated with the ER near the PD leading to the possibility that MNSV movement and replication could be spatially linked. Here, we update the current knowledge of the plant endomembrane system involvement in carmovirus intra-and intercellular movement and the tentative model proposed for MNSV transport within plant cells.This work was funded by grant BIO2014-54862-R from the Spanish Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica (DGICYT) and the Prometeo Program GV2014/010 from the Generalitat Valenciana.Navarro Bohigues, JA.; Pallás Benet, V. (2017). An Update on the Intracellular and Intercellular Trafficking of Carmoviruses. Frontiers in Plant Science. 8:1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01801S178Adams, M. J., Lefkowitz, E. J., King, A. M. Q., Harrach, B., Harrison, R. L., Knowles, N. J., … Davison, A. J. (2016). Ratification vote on taxonomic proposals to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2016). Archives of Virology, 161(10), 2921-2949. doi:10.1007/s00705-016-2977-6Blake, J. A., Lee, K. W., Morris, T. J., & Elthon, T. E. (2007). Effects of turnip crinkle virus infection on the structure and function of mitochondria and expression of stress proteins in turnips. Physiologia Plantarum, 129(4), 698-706. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00852.xBlanco-Pérez, M., Pérez-Cañamás, M., Ruiz, L., & Hernández, C. (2016). Efficient Translation of Pelargonium line pattern virus RNAs Relies on a TED-Like 3´-Translational Enhancer that Communicates with the Corresponding 5´-Region through a Long-Distance RNA-RNA Interaction. PLOS ONE, 11(4), e0152593. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152593Brandizzi, F., Frangne, N., Marc-Martin, S., Hawes, C., Neuhaus, J.-M., & Paris, N. (2002). The Destination for Single-Pass Membrane Proteins Is Influenced Markedly by the Length of the Hydrophobic Domain. The Plant Cell, 14(5), 1077-1092. doi:10.1105/tpc.000620Carrington, J. C., Heaton, L. A., Zuidema, D., Hillman, B. I., & Morris, T. J. (1989). The genome structure of turnip crinkle virus. Virology, 170(1), 219-226. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(89)90369-3Chandra-Shekara, A. C., Navarre, D., Kachroo, A., Kang, H.-G., Klessig, D., & Kachroo, P. (2004). Signaling requirements and role of salicylic acid in HRT- and rrt-mediated resistance to turnip crinkle virus in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 40(5), 647-659. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02241.xCohen, Y., Gisel, A., & Zambryski, P. C. (2000). Cell-to-Cell and Systemic Movement of Recombinant Green Fluorescent Protein-Tagged Turnip Crinkle Viruses. Virology, 273(2), 258-266. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0441Cohen, Y., Qu, F., Gisel, A., Morris, T. J., & Zambryski, P. C. (2000). Nuclear Localization of Turnip Crinkle Virus Movement Protein p8. Virology, 273(2), 276-285. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0440Gao, F., Kasprzak, W., Stupina, V. A., Shapiro, B. A., & Simon, A. E. (2012). A Ribosome-Binding, 3′ Translational Enhancer Has a T-Shaped Structure and Engages in a Long-Distance RNA-RNA Interaction. Journal of Virology, 86(18), 9828-9842. doi:10.1128/jvi.00677-12García-Castillo, S., Sánchez-Pina, M. A., & Pallás, V. (2003). Spatio-temporal analysis of the RNAs, coat and movement (p7) proteins of Carnation mottle virus in Chenopodium quinoa plants. Journal of General Virology, 84(3), 745-749. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18715-0Genovés, A., Navarro, J. A., & Pallás, V. (2006). Functional analysis of the five melon necrotic spot virus genome-encoded proteins. Journal of General Virology, 87(8), 2371-2380. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81793-0Genovés, A., Navarro, J. A., & Pallás, V. (2009). A self-interacting carmovirus movement protein plays a role in binding of viral RNA during the cell-to-cell movement and shows an actin cytoskeleton dependent location in cell periphery. Virology, 395(1), 133-142. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.042Genoves, A., Pallas, V., & Navarro, J. A. (2011). Contribution of Topology Determinants of a Viral Movement Protein to Its Membrane Association, Intracellular Traffic, and Viral Cell-to-Cell Movement. Journal of Virology, 85(15), 7797-7809. doi:10.1128/jvi.02465-10Gómez-Aix, C., García-García, M., Aranda, M. A., & Sánchez-Pina, M. A. (2015). Melon necrotic spot virus Replication Occurs in Association with Altered Mitochondria. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 28(4), 387-397. doi:10.1094/mpmi-09-14-0274-rGrangeon, R., Jiang, J., & Laliberté, J.-F. (2012). Host endomembrane recruitment for plant RNA virus replication. Current Opinion in Virology, 2(6), 683-690. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2012.10.003Grangeon, R., Jiang, J., Wan, J., Agbeci, M., Zheng, H., & Laliberté, J.-F. (2013). 6K2-induced vesicles can move cell to cell during turnip mosaic virus infection. Frontiers in Microbiology, 4. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00351Guilley, H., Carrington, J. C., Balàzs, E., Jonard, G., Richards, K., & Morris, T. J. (1985). Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of carnation mottle virus RNA. Nucleic Acids Research, 13(18), 6663-6677. doi:10.1093/nar/13.18.6663Hacker, D. L., Petty, I. T. D., Wei, N., & Morris, T. J. (1992). Turnip crinkle virus genes required for RNA replication and virus movement. Virology, 186(1), 1-8. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(92)90055-tHerrera-Vásquez, J. A., Córdoba-Sellés, M. C., Cebrián, M. C., Alfaro-Fernández, A., & Jordá, C. (2009). Seed transmission ofMelon necrotic spot virusand efficacy of seed-disinfection treatments. Plant Pathology, 58(3), 436-442. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2008.01985.xJiang, J., & Laliberté, J.-F. (2016). Membrane Association for Plant Virus Replication and Movement. Current Research Topics in Plant Virology, 67-85. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_3Kaido, M., Tsuno, Y., Mise, K., & Okuno, T. (2009). Endoplasmic reticulum targeting of the Red clover necrotic mosaic virus movement protein is associated with the replication of viral RNA1 but not that of RNA2. Virology, 395(2), 232-242. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.09.022Kawakami, S., Watanabe, Y., & Beachy, R. N. (2004). Tobacco mosaic virus infection spreads cell to cell as intact replication complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(16), 6291-6296. doi:10.1073/pnas.0401221101Krczal, G. (1995). Transmission of Pelargonium Flower Break Virus (PFBV) in Irrigation Systems and by Thrips. Plant Disease, 79(2), 163. doi:10.1094/pd-79-0163Lerch-Bader, M., Lundin, C., Kim, H., Nilsson, I., & von Heijne, G. (2008). Contribution of positively charged flanking residues to the insertion of transmembrane helices into the endoplasmic reticulum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(11), 4127-4132. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711580105Lesemann, D.-E., & Adam, G. (1994). ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL AND SEROLOGICAL STUDIES ON FOUR ISOMETRICAL PELARGONIUM VIRUSES. Acta Horticulturae, (377), 41-54. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1994.377.3Li, W., Qu, F., & Morris, T. J. (1998). Cell-to-Cell Movement of Turnip Crinkle Virus Is Controlled by Two Small Open Reading Frames That Functionin trans. Virology, 244(2), 405-416. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9125Liu, C., & Nelson, R. S. (2013). The cell biology of Tobacco mosaic virus replication and movement. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00012Marcos, J. F., Vilar, M., Pérez-Payá, E., & Pallás, V. (1999). In VivoDetection, RNA-Binding Properties and Characterization of the RNA-Binding Domain of the p7 Putative Movement Protein from Carnation Mottle Carmovirus (CarMV). Virology, 255(2), 354-365. doi:10.1006/viro.1998.9596Martínez-Gil, L., Johnson, A. E., & Mingarro, I. (2010). Membrane Insertion and Biogenesis of the Turnip Crinkle Virus p9 Movement Protein. Journal of Virology, 84(11), 5520-5527. doi:10.1128/jvi.00125-10Martínez-Gil, L., Saurí, A., Vilar, M., Pallás, V., & Mingarro, I. (2007). Membrane insertion and topology of the p7B movement protein of Melon Necrotic Spot Virus (MNSV). Virology, 367(2), 348-357. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.006Martínez-Turiño, S., & Hernández, C. (2009). Inhibition of RNA silencing by the coat protein of Pelargonium flower break virus: distinctions from closely related suppressors. Journal of General Virology, 90(2), 519-525. doi:10.1099/vir.0.006098-0Martínez-Turiño, S., & Hernández, C. (2011). A membrane-associated movement protein of Pelargonium flower break virus shows RNA-binding activity and contains a biologically relevant leucine zipper-like motif. Virology, 413(2), 310-319. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2011.03.001Martínez-Turiño, S., & Hernández, C. (2012). Analysis of the subcellular targeting of the smaller replicase protein of Pelargonium flower break virus. Virus Research, 163(2), 580-591. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.011Mello, A. F. S., Clark, A. J., & Perry, K. L. (2009). Capsid protein of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus is a determinant for vector transmission by a beetle. Journal of General Virology, 91(2), 545-551. doi:10.1099/vir.0.016402-0Miras, M., Sempere, R. N., Kraft, J. J., Miller, W. A., Aranda, M. A., & Truniger, V. (2013). Interfamilial recombination between viruses led to acquisition of a novel translation-enhancing RNA element that allows resistance breaking. New Phytologist, 202(1), 233-246. doi:10.1111/nph.12650Mochizuki, T., Hirai, K., Kanda, A., Ohnishi, J., Ohki, T., & Tsuda, S. (2009). Induction of necrosis via mitochondrial targeting of Melon necrotic spot virus replication protein p29 by its second transmembrane domain. Virology, 390(2), 239-249. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.012Morozov, S. Y., & Solovyev, A. G. (2003). Triple gene block: modular design of a multifunctional machine for plant virus movement. Journal of General Virology, 84(6), 1351-1366. doi:10.1099/vir.0.18922-0Mueller, S. J., & Reski, R. (2015). Mitochondrial Dynamics and the ER: The Plant Perspective. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 3. doi:10.3389/fcell.2015.00078Navarro, J. A., Genovés, A., Climent, J., Saurí, A., Martínez-Gil, L., Mingarro, I., & Pallás, V. (2006). RNA-binding properties and membrane insertion of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) double gene block movement proteins. Virology, 356(1-2), 57-67. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.040Nieto, C., Morales, M., Orjeda, G., Clepet, C., Monfort, A., Sturbois, B., … Bendahmane, A. (2006). AneIF4Eallele confers resistance to an uncapped and non-polyadenylated RNA virus in melon. The Plant Journal, 48(3), 452-462. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02885.xOhki, T., Akita, F., Mochizuki, T., Kanda, A., Sasaya, T., & Tsuda, S. (2010). The protruding domain of the coat protein of Melon necrotic spot virus is involved in compatibility with and transmission by the fungal vector Olpidium bornovanus. Virology, 402(1), 129-134. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.020Panavas, T., Hawkins, C. M., Panaviene, Z., & Nagy, P. D. (2005). The role of the p33:p33/p92 interaction domain in RNA replication and intracellular localization of p33 and p92 proteins of Cucumber necrosis tombusvirus. Virology, 338(1), 81-95. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.025Powers, J. G., Sit, T. L., Qu, F., Morris, T. J., Kim, K.-H., & Lommel, S. A. (2008). A Versatile Assay for the Identification of RNA Silencing Suppressors Based on Complementation of Viral Movement. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 21(7), 879-890. doi:10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0879Qu, F., Ren, T., & Morris, T. J. (2003). The Coat Protein of Turnip Crinkle Virus Suppresses Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing at an Early Initiation Step. Journal of Virology, 77(1), 511-522. doi:10.1128/jvi.77.1.511-522.2003Riviere, C. J., & Rochon, D. M. (1990). Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of melon necrotic spot virus. Journal of General Virology, 71(9), 1887-1896. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-71-9-1887Romero-Brey, I., & Bartenschlager, R. (2014). 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A model for transport of a viral membrane protein through the early secretory pathway: minimal sequence and endoplasmic reticulum lateral mobility requirements. The Plant Journal, 77(6), 863-879. doi:10.1111/tpj.12435Shi, Y., Ryabov, E. V., van Wezel, R., Li, C., Jin, M., Wang, W., … Hong, Y. (2009). Suppression of local RNA silencing is not sufficient to promote cell-to-cell movement ofTurnip crinkle virusinNicotiana benthamiana. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 4(1), 15-22. doi:10.4161/psb.4.1.7573Teakle, D. S. (1980). FUNGI. Vectors of Plant Pathogens, 417-438. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-326450-3.50021-8Thomas, C. L., Leh, V., Lederer, C., & Maule, A. J. (2003). Turnip crinkle virus coat protein mediates suppression of RNA silencing in nicotiana benthamiana. Virology, 306(1), 33-41. doi:10.1016/s0042-6822(02)00018-1Tilsner, J., Linnik, O., Louveaux, M., Roberts, I. M., Chapman, S. N., & Oparka, K. J. (2013). Replication and trafficking of a plant virus are coupled at the entrances of plasmodesmata. Journal of Cell Biology, 201(7), 981-995. doi:10.1083/jcb.201304003Verchot, J. (2011). Wrapping membranes around plant virus infection. Current Opinion in Virology, 1(5), 388-395. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.009Vilar, M., Esteve, V., Pallás, V., Marcos, J. F., & Pérez-Payá, E. (2001). Structural Properties of Carnation Mottle Virus p7 Movement Protein and Its RNA-binding Domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 276(21), 18122-18129. doi:10.1074/jbc.m100706200Vilar, M., Saurí, A., Marcos, J. F., Mingarro, I., & Pérez-Payá, E. (2005). Transient Structural Ordering of the RNA-Binding Domain of Carnation Mottle Virus p7 Movement Protein Modulates Nucleic Acid Binding. ChemBioChem, 6(8), 1391-1396. doi:10.1002/cbic.200400451Vilar, M., Saurı́, A., Monné, M., Marcos, J. F., von Heijne, G., Pérez-Payá, E., & Mingarro, I. (2002). 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Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented