TWO FORMULI OF THE SHEAR CENTER

In literature there are essentially two different formuli for the coordinates of the shear center. One of them - which can be derived anaIitically from the solution of the Saint-Venant problems - contains two terms: one of these contains the torsion stress function, the other contains the warping function at twisting. The other formula was derived by Trefftz on the base of energetic considerations, and differs from the previous one in that the term containing the stress function is missing. Why do these formuli differ when both of them were derived from the analitical solution of the Saint-Venant problem? In the Saint-Venant problems the Saint-Venant principle has been applied, i.e. the distributed forces on the end-section z = l, have been replaced by a concentrate force and couple statically equivalent with it. In analytically deriving the formula of the shear center, only this statical equivalence is necessary. But Trefftz's conception implies the consideration, that the equivalence also holds for the energy i.e. the work done by the two, statically equivalent force systems is unchanged in the course or deformation. The paper deals with this problem, studies the rightfulness and conditions of using the energy and work theorems in the Saint-Venant problems. It verifies, that considering these conditions, Betti's theorem (the way suggested by Trefftz) gives the same formula for the shear center as the analytical solution. In addition it shows how to determine the coordinates of the shear center, when the origin of the system of coordinates in solving the boundary problem for the warping function is an arbitrary point of the cross section

Computerized Content Analysis: A comparison of the Verbal Productions of High Hypnotizable, Low Hypnotizable and Simulating Subjects

This research was designed to investigate the domain of hypnosis and to explore how the “state” of hypnosis, along with the susceptibility to hypnosis relate to lexical choice in verbal productions as well as to primary/secondary process mentation. The hypothesis that hypnosis facilitates primary process mentation has held a central place in numerous psychoanalytically oriented theories of hypnosis (Gill & Brenman, 1959; Fromm, 1992; Nash, 1991). College students were screened for level of hypnotic susceptibility employing the following two hypnotic susceptibility scales: The Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS: A; Shor & Orne, 1962) [Appendix D] and The Computer-Assisted Hypnosis Scale (CAH; Grant & Nash, 1995) [Appendix E]. A total of 89 subjects were identified: 32 high hypnotizable subjects and 57 low hypnotizable subjects. Via random selection about half of the 57 low hypnotizable subjects were assigned to be “Simulators” (Orne, 1979). Three groups were obtained: 32 high hypnotizable subjects, 29 low hypnotizable subjects and 28 low hypnotizable simulating subjects. Responses to six Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards and responses to five free speech story-openings were collected and tape-recorded during both the waking state (baseline) and the “state” of hypnosis. The standard induction procedure of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (Weitzenhoffer & Hilgard, 1962) [Appendix F] was utilized to hypnotize the subjects. The waking state and the “state” of hypnosis were counterbalanced. All tape-recordings of verbal productions were transcribed and analyzed by way of two computer content analysis programs: The Dartmouth Adaptation of The General Inquirer with the “Harvard III Psycho-Sociological Dictionary (Oxman et al. , 1988) further referred to as “DAGI-III,” which analyzes a text for 105 lexical choice variables of verbal productions and COUNT with the Regressive Imagery Dictionary, a PL/I program for content analysis of natural language, further referred to as “COUNTRID” (Martindale, 1973) which analyzes a text for 99 categories, among other variables, for level of primary and secondary process mentation. Summary of the results: 1) Results of 2x3 ANOVA for a priori selected variables of the “DAGI-III” contentanalysis program indicate: For the main effect of condition (baseline to hypnosis), a significant decrease in THOUGHT, a significant increase in EMOTION and a significant increase in SOCIAL was found. 2) Results of 2x3 ANOVA for a priori selected variables of the “COUNT-RID” content analysis program indicate: For the main effect of condition (baseline to hypnosis), a significant decrease in SECONDARY PROCESS and a significant increase in EMOTION was found. For the interaction (condition and group), a significant decrease in SECONDARY PROCESS was found. For DRIVE high and low hypnotizable subjects showed a decrease and simulators showed an increase. 3) Auto-correlation analysis for the COUNT-RID showed, as would be expected, strong positive correlation between PRIMARY PROCESS and its components DRIVE, SENSATION, REGRESSIVE COGNITION, DEFENSIVE SYMBOLIZATION and ICARIAN IMAGERY. PRIMARY PROCESS showed a strong negative correlation with SECONDARY PROCESS. Finally SECONDARY PROCESS was strongly negatively correlated with EMOTION. 4) Auto-correlation analysis for the DAGI-III showed as would be expected that PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES show high positive correlation with its components EMOTION, EVALUATE and THOUGHT. 5) Inter-correlation analysis between the DAGI-III and the COUNT-RID variables showed very strong positive correlation between the DAGI-III-EMOTION and the COUNT-RID-EMOTION, the DAGI-III-THOUGHT showed a strong negative correlation with the with the COUNT-RID-EMOTION; the DAGI-III-THOUGHT showed a strong positive correlation with the COUNT-RID-SECONDARY PROCESS. To summarize, findings suggest that the changes in SECONDARY PROCESS and THOUGHT, as well as the DAGI-III-variable EMOTION and the COUNT-RID-variable EMOTION, may be a result other than hypnotic ability or the hypnotic experience. The possibility has been raised, that subjects who had been instructed to simulate hypnosis were successful in discerning the experimental, implicit demands to respond with decreased SECONDARY PROCESS and THOUGHT as measured by the DAGI-III and COUNT-RID respectively and to present the appearance of a genuinely hypnotized subject. The same was true for the increase in EMOTION as measured by the DAGI-III as well as by the COUNT-RID. The interaction between the condition (baseline vs. hypnosis) and the group (level of hypnotic susceptibility) would have provided the strongest support for the assertion that hypnosis changes a dimension (e.g. enhances primary process responding or decreases secondary process mentation) in highly hypnotizable subjects. The likelihood that the hypnotic main-effect can be attributed at least to some extent to demand characteristics has been supported by the current results. The hypnotic “state”, even though it can be measured through behavioral measures such as the HGSHS and the CAH, cannot be measured by content measures of verbal productions. Findings are discussed in regard to previous literature suggesting a link between primary process and hypnosis and suggestions for future research are made. In addition, theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Successful and unsuccessful radical transformation of multinational mobile telephony companies: the role of institutional context

A number of prominent European multinational mobile telephony companies (MNMTCs) have their origins in state-owned monopolies that successfully undertook radical transformation in the late 1980s to late 1990s. Not only did they face liberalization of their domestic markets but they also moved from fixed-line telephony to mobile telephony prior to rapid expanded overseas. Our study focuses on Telenor whose operations currently span the Nordic region and Southeast Asia. Like other MNMTCs, Telenor currently faces another period of radical change as global digital services providers are set to ride on the connectivity MNMTCs supply thereby reducing them to “dumb-pipes”. Our study indicates that Telenor has abandoned radical transformation for “modernization” of its extant operations. For an understanding of why this second radical change is proving arduous for MNMTCs, we argue that there is a need to take into consideration institutional change

Functional-level transformation in multi-domestic MNCs: transforming local purchasing into globally integrated purchasing integrated purchasing

This paper revisits Bartlett and Ghoshal’s transnational theory of the MNC in relation to multi-domestic MNCs. We argue that the aggregate level of analysis adopted by Bartlett and Ghoshal is unhelpful for identifying significant changes in multi-domestic MNCs at the level of discrete functions. We argue that a more disaggregated level of analysis is required. Our analysis of two cases of multi-domestic MNCs that have undertaken the global integration of their locally distributed purchasing functions indicates that while significant change to the purchasing function has occurred, at the aggregate level both MNCs remain multi-domestic. In both cases the decision to integrate local purchasing was regarded as having more obvious benefits than integrating other functions such as marketing. While both of our case multi-domestic MNCs may in future choose to integrate other functions and develop into full-fledged transnational companies we argue that there is no inevitability to this. Indeed global integration may cease with the purchasing function. A second theme in this paper is that we argue that Bartlett and Ghoshal’s transnational theory has a biased view of what constitutes effective governance mechanisms for achieving global integration, local responsiveness and worldwide learning and that it would greatly benefit from a more balanced application of hierarchical and relational governance mechanisms

Energy Correlation of Prompt Fission Neutrons

In all cases where neutron fluctuations in a branching process (such as in multiplicity measurements) are treated in an energy dependent description, the energy correlations of the branching itself (energy correlations of the fission neutrons) need to be known. To date, these are not known from experiments. Such correlations can be theoretically and numerically derived by modelling the details of the fission process. It was suggested earlier that the fact that the prompt neutrons are emitted from the moving fission targets, will influence their energy and angular distributions in the lab system, which possibly induces correlations. In this paper the influence of the neutron emission process from the moving targets on the energy correlations is investigated analytically and via numerical simulations. It is shown that the correlations are generated by the random energy and direction distributions of the fission fragments. Analytical formulas are derived for the two-point energy distributions, and quantitative results are obtained by Monte-Carlo simulations. The results lend insight into the character of the two-point distributions, and give quantitative estimates of the energy correlations, which are generally small

Comments on the stochastic characteristics of fission chamber signals

This paper reports on theoretical investigations of the stochastic properties of the signal series of ionisation chambers, in particular fission chambers. First, a simple and transparent derivation is given of the higher order moments of the random detector signal for incoming pulses with a non homogeneous Poisson distribution and random pulse heights and arbitrary shape. Exact relationships are derived for the higher order moments of the detector signal, which constitute a generalisation of the so-called higher order Campbelling techniques. The probability distribution of the number of time points when the signal exceeds a certain level is also derived. Then, a few simple pulse shapes and amplitude distributions are selected as idealised models of the detector signals. Assuming that the incoming particles form a homogeneous Poisson process, explicit expressions are given for the higher order moments of the signal and the number of level crossings in a given time interval for the selected pulse shapes

The digital challenge for multinational mobile network operators. More marginalization or rejuvenation?

Multinational mobile network operators (MNOs) rapidly emerged in the early 1990s and for a decade and a half were the dominant actors in their industry. We analyze the development and competitiveness of a typical MNO, Telenor. With the introduction of 4G in 2010, we show that Telenor, like other MNOs largely failed to respond to the opportunity that connectivity provided to develop digital services. Instead, these were developed by technology platform companies such as Amazon, Google and Microsoft. Telenor became a marginalized supplier of standardized internet connectivity. We argue that the ‘decade of lost opportunity’ (2010-2020) for Telenor was a product of a lack of ‘recombinant firm-specific advantages’ (FSARs). With the launch of 5G, an emerging global digital infrastructure, this sidelining is set to intensify unless Telenor responds to this new opportunity by developing B2B digital services. We analyze the FSARs that are necessary for a successful transition of capturing the value that 5G provides and the degree to which they are present, or potentially present, in Telenor