Русские эмигранты в культуре Соединенных Штатов Америки в конце 19 - начале 20 века

The article concerns the topic relevant to understanding the process of shaping world culture. The problem of the mutual influence of cultures, in our opinion, is not sufficiently understood, and many important factors of this process remain in the shadow. The aim of the study is to try to trace the influence of Russian émigrés on the formation and flourishing of the American music culture in the late 19th - early 20th century. Bibliographic materials, letters, newspaper and magazine articles of great interest to researchers were widely used in the work. Conclusions that can be reached upon reading the article suggest that the influence of Russian émigrés on the culture of the United States of the period, multiplied by the well-known American efficiency, allowed the United States of America to build a world-class musical culture in a very short historical period.El artículo se refiere al tema relevante para comprender el proceso de configuración de la cultura mundial. El problema de la influencia mutua de las culturas, en nuestra opinión, no se entiende lo suficiente, y muchos factores importantes de este proceso permanecen en la sombra. El objetivo del estudio es tratar de rastrear la influencia de los emigrantes rusos en la formación y el florecimiento de la cultura musical estadounidense a fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX. Materiales bibliográficos, cartas, artículos de periódicos y revistas de gran interés para los investigadores fueron ampliamente utilizados en el trabajo. Las conclusiones a las que se puede llegar al leer el artículo sugieren que la influencia de los emigrantes rusos en la cultura de los Estados Unidos de la época, multiplicada por la conocida eficiencia estadounidense, permitió que los Estados Unidos de América construyeran una clase mundial cultura musical en un período histórico muy corto.В статье рассматривается тема, актуальная для понимания процесса формирования мировой культуры. Проблема взаимовлияния культур, на наш взгляд, недостаточно понятна, и многие важные факторы этого процесса остаются в тени. Цель исследования - попытаться проследить влияние русских эмигрантов на формирование и расцвет американской музыкальной культуры в конце XIX - начале XX века. В работе широко использовались библиографические материалы, письма, статьи в газетах и журналах, представляющие большой интерес для исследователей. Выводы, которые можно сделать после прочтения статьи, позволяют предположить, что влияние русских эмигрантов на культуру Соединенных Штатов того периода, помноженное на известную американскую эффективность, позволило Соединенным Штатам Америки создать музыкальную культуру мирового уровня в очень короткий исторический период

Properties and application of polyimide-based composites by blending surface functionalized boron nitride nanoplates

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Chen, Y., et al., Properties and application of polyimide-based composites by blending surface functionalized boron nitride nanoplates, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 132 (16) which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.41889. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.This is the peer reviewed version of the article which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.41889. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving

Study of the Soret Effect in Hydrocarbon Chain/Aromatic Compound Mixtures

We studied the thermal diffusion behavior of equimolar mixtures of hydrocarbon chains in cyclohexane, p-xylene, and o-xylene experimentally and by reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. The hydrocarbon chains heptane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, 2,4-dimethylpentane, 2-ethyl-3-methyl butadiene, and 2,4-dimethylpentadiene-1,3 with the same number of carbon atoms were considered in order to conserve the mass contribution and to investigate the shape influence on the Soret coefficient. Compared to the experimental data, the simulation results show the same trend. With increasing degree of branching, the Soret coefficient becomes larger. The negative Soret coefficient of the hydrocarbon chains indicates the enrichment in the warm side. We were able to find an empirical correlation between the properties of the pure components and the Soret coeffcients of the considered mixtures

Molecular simulation of transport in liquids and polymers

Computer simulations of complex multi- particle systems have attracted more and more research interest. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been used intensively in various scientific fields such as molecular biology, polymer physics, nanotechnology and many others. System properties measured at a certain time can be deduced from the coordinates and velocities of classical particles. If the interatomic forces are known with a good accuracy and the initial conditions of the system can be defined properly, molecular dynamics simulation can act as a computer simulation. It means that these results can be compared to experimentally obtained values and, more importantly, some other information about the system can be accessed, which sometimes is hard or impossible to measure. After a short overview on MD methods, several MD simulations will be presented. Thermal conductivity of polymer crystals is a typical quantity that is difficult to experimentally determine. This is because samples of large-enough single crystals of polymers for thermal conductivity measurements have not yet been prepared, therefore the single crystal properties can only be determined via computer simulation. In Chapter 3 we have summarized extensive calculations of the thermal conductivity of the δ -phase of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS). Until now, only partial theoretical data dealing with thermal conductivity of crystalline polymers was available. This available data was particularly concerned with the correlation between thermal conductivity and the polymer’s morphology and orientation [D. Hansen and G. A. Bernier, Polym. Eng. Sci. 12 (3), 204 (1972)]. In comparison with the amorphous structure of polymer a large anisotropy can be established in crystalline polymer as result of varied structural and morphological parameters in different directions. MD simulations permit us, for example, to restrict some oscillations and to set the bond length between two atoms, which can be done by addition of constraints in the system. Such artificial constraints limit the free movement of the particles which decreases the degrees of freedom of the system. In this study we investigated the sensitivity of the thermal conductivity to different numbers and locations of such constraints in different parts of IX the polymeric chains. It was found that the thermal conductivity has a tendency to decrease when the number of active degrees of freedom in the system is reduced by the introduction of stiff bonds. This dependence is, however, weaker and more erratic than previously found for molecular liquids and amorphous polymers [E. Lussetti, T. Terao, and F. Müller-Plathe, J, of Phys, Chem, B 111 (39), 11516 (2007)]. Another physical property of polymers, which has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the recent times, is the understanding of the dynamic and static properties of polymer chains. Many technologies such as electronics packaging, coatings, adhesion, and composite materials are based on these polymeric properties. In Chapter 4 we discussed the physical properties of short polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) oligomers up to a chain length of ten monomers chain (H(-CH2-CH(OH)-)NCH3). The specific volume was found to depend linearly on the inverse number of repeat units N, a result that is in agreement with experimental findings for other polymers. The gyration radius was found to depend on the number of formula units via N0.65±0.03 . The exponent simulated is somewhat larger than the known N0.588 dependence for long chains in good solvents. We also discuss the orientation correlation function for different bonds in the chain. The relaxation times for these bond vectors, as obtained via the Kohlrausch- Williams-Watt expression, showed an exponential dependence on the number of repeat units. In Chapter 3 we studied the thermal conductivity of crystal polymer but under certain conditions and as a response to a temperature gradient, it was possible to correlate the separation between different chemical species. This effect is called the Soret effect or thermal diffusion effect and is quantified by the Soret coefficient (S-T). Although this effect has been studied for more than 150 years, a microscopic understanding of thermal diffusion processes in liquids is still unavailable. The precise prediction of S-T from theory and simulations and even the experimental determination for more complex systems is often a challenge. In Chapter 5, we studied the thermal diffusion behavior of an equimolar mixture of hydrocarbon chains in xylene. Hydrocarbon chains (alkanes and alkenes) with the same carbon number were considered in order to exclude the mass contribution and to investigate the influence of molecular structure on the Soret coefficient. Thermal diffusion behavior was analyzed in terms of static and dynamic properties of the mixtures and an explanation for the observed results has been supplied. Chapter 6 finally summarizes the main conclusions of the present study in the thesis and provides summary of the work

Topographic and vegetative controls on calcrete formation, Turks and Caicos islands, British West Indies

Vegetation and topography of the limestone islands on Caicos Platform, British West Indies, are decisive factors in controlling the morphologic, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of calcretes forming on Pleistocene exposure surfaces. Valley calcretes form in low areas as a result of vegetative and soil-forming processes which penetrate downward and reconstitute host limestone. Valley calcretes vary in degree of maturity which is expressed petrographically and geochemically. Enrichment in Fe and Al in valley calcretes is caused by gradual concentration of aerosol-derived material in topographically low and therefore stable settings. Ridge caleretes form on ridge crests and slopes and are associated with downward penetrating roots, but they undergo a cycle of formation and destruction (ridge calcrete cycle) which prevents them from achieving the progressive maturity seen in valley calcrete profiles. The vegetative role in the calcrete cycle is twofold. First, root mats spreading out laterally within the host limestone enhance dissolution of limestone and subsequent reprecipitation of carbonate cements. These processes result in well indurated calcrete layers. Second, once formed, these indurated layers are uprooted by downward and laterally displacive rooting and subjected to physical and chemical erosion. Recognition of the two different modes of calcrete formation in the rock record can yield valuable information about paleotopography and erosional history

Topographic, vegetative, and climatic controls on the petrography and geochemistry of calcretes in the Bahamas and south Florida

Vegetation and topography of the limestone islands on Caicos Platform, British West Indies are decisive factors in controlling the morphologic, petrographic, and geochemical characteristics of calcretes forming on Pleistocene exposure surfaces. Valley calcretes form in low areas and develop as a result of vegetative and soil forming processes which penetrate downward and reconstitute host limestone. Valley calcretes vary in degree of maturity which is reflected petrographically and geochemically. Enrichment in Fe and Al in valley calcretes is caused by gradual concentration of aerosol-derived material in this stable topographic setting.Ridge calcretes form on ridge crests and ridge slopes and are also associated with downward penetrating roots, but they undergo a cycle of formation and destruction (ridge calcrete cycle) which prevents them from achieving the progressive maturity seen in valley calcrete profiles. Occurrence of multiple calcrete horizons previously considered individually representative of true subaerial exposure, are in fact false penetrative calcretes which are collectively related to only one major subaerial exposure event. Individual subaerial exposure periods can produce a true surficial calcrete, plus a series of penetrative calcretes horizons which can be mistaken for surficial features in the underlying 2-6 meters of sequence. Although penetrative calcrete horizons are not laterally traceable over long distances, they are very similar to surficial calcretes, commonly occur at lithologic boundaries (permeability anomalies), and can be easily misinterpreted as representing individual exposure periods in core borings. Differentiation of penetrative and surficial calcretes can commonly be made by lateral correlation of calcrete horizons or by lower concentrations of Al and Fe in penetrative calcretes.Climatic controls on calcrete formation throughout the Bahamiam region is expressed as variations in petrographic and geochemical aspects of calcretes. Along a climatic gradient between south Florida and the Turks and Caicos Islands, a geochemical trend is documented which manifests itself as an increase in the \sp{18}O/\sp O isotopic ratio. This is attributed mainly to higher temperatures and faster evaporation rates in the Turks and Caicos islands. Isotopic compositions of meteoric waters along the climatic gradient have not been measured directly, but are believed to play a secondary role in the observed isotopic trend in calcretes

Influence of Climate on the Formation and Isotopic Composition of Calcretes

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Settings Characterization Of Climate Climatic Parameters Methods Results Discussion Inter‐Station Variability Timing Of Calcrete Formation Conclusions Acknowledgement